Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics
Volume:9 Issue: 3, Sep 2022

Spiritual health is a crucial aspect of health. Spiritual health is an internal and satisfying feeling combined with constructive communication with oneself and others. It is a transcendental existence in the specific cultural framework of each society, which makes life and death meaningful. Paying attention to spiritual health can improve nursing care by nurses. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate spiritual health and its related factors in Iranian nurses and nursing students.

The present study was a systematic review (2022) that was conducted by searching for articles on the Web of Science, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases without a time limit. The keywords were “spiritual wellbeing”, “spiritual health”, “spirituality”, “nurse”, “related factors”, and “Iran” in Persian and English sources. The articles on spiritual health and its components of quantitative study that were performed on Iranian nurses and nursing students were examined.

In 48 studies, the level of spiritual health of nurses and nursing students was moderate (In the range of 20-120). Spiritual health in the religious dimension was more than the existential dimension. Several factors, such as demographic variables, job, education, job satisfaction, spiritual care, and so on improve the level of spiritual health, and reducing factors, such as stress, anxiety, and depression improves the level of spiritual health of nurses.

Paying attention to factors, such as age, gender, marriage, educational status, job conditions, level of satisfaction, personal characteristics and psychological conditions can lead to change in spiritual health.

Fear of childbirth is a psychological reaction that depends on various reasons during labor. This study aims to investigate the relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of childbirth in pregnant women referred to the public hospitals of Urmia City, Iran, in 2020.

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 300 pregnant women who referred to public hospitals in Urmia city, Iran, via the available sampling method. Data collection tools included a questionnaire regarding demographic and obstetrics information, the fear of childbirth questionnaire by Wijma and Rose (1988), and the spiritual well-being questionnaire by Paloutzian and Ellison (1983). The data were analyzed via SPSS software, version 16. Meanwhile, the independent t-test, analysis of variance, and the Pearson correlation index were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05.

The results demonstrated a meaningful statistical relationship between education level, occupation, income, owning a house, religious beliefs, number of miscarriages, marital satisfaction, and the lack of previous treatment for sterility with spiritual well-being and fear of childbirth (P<0.05). Additionally, all aspects of spiritual well-being, such as religious well-being and existential well-being showed a statistically significant positive relationship with fear of childbirth (P<0.0001).

Based on the results of this study, higher spiritual well-being is accompanied by reduced fear of childbirth. Accordingly, considering programs to improve the spiritual well-being of pregnant women can alleviate one of the stressful and major difficulties of this population.

Human is a social beings and interpersonal relationships are behavioral characteristics affected by several components. This study aimed to examine the relationship between attachment style, and interpersonal relationship with the mediating role of moral identity.

In this study, 200 residents of West Azerbaijan Province, Iran in 2022 were selected by convenience method and completed online attachment style, interpersonal relationship, and moral identity questionnaires.

The results of Pearson coefficient and path analysis with SPSS software, version 24 and Amos software showed that secure attachment style has a positive effect on the interpersonal relationship with mediating of moral identity, avoidant and anxious attachment styles have a negative effect on the interpersonal relationships with the mediating of moral identity (P<0.001).

According to the results, attachment styles can affect interpersonal relationships, and moral identity is also affected.

The unprecedented Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has outstandingly challenged all aspects of individual lives, especially their sources of a meaningful life and spiritual well-being. Hence, we set out to investigate the role of existential thinking and meaning in life in predicting Corona disease anxiety in teachers.

This was a correlational-descriptive study carried out on two hundred sixty-nine volunteers from primary school teachers who were working in 2022 in Kermanshah Province, Iran. Participants were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method, and they were measured by questionnaires created in Google Form, including Alipour et al.’s (2020) corona disease anxiety scale, Scherr (2006) existential thinking questionnaire, and Steger et al.’s (2006) meaning in life questionnaire. Finally, the data were analyzed by IBM SPSS software, version 27 using Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis.

The results showed that existential thinking (r=-0.640, P<0.01), as well as, meaning in life (r=-0.668, P<0.01) had an inverse and significant correlation with corona disease anxiety. Based on regression analysis, existential thinking (β=-0.152) and, meaning in life (β=-0.329) negatively and significantly predicted corona disease anxiety.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that corona disease anxiety has a significant negative correlation with existential thinking and meaning in life. In addition, the findings of this study support the role of predictor variables in the prediction of teachers’ Corona disease anxiety. Generally, 41% of the total variance of corona disease anxiety is predicted by existential thinking and meaning in life.

Nurses face many ethical issues daily, and knowing professional ethics can help them make ethical decisions. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the effects of professional ethics training on moral distress and moral sensitivity in nurses.

In this quasi-experimental study, 30 nurses who were working in the emergency and COVID-19 wards of Razi Saravan Hospital in 2022 were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the nurses of the COVID-19 ward were influenced by professional ethics training for one month. The level of moral distress and moral sensitivity was measured by the Corley and Latzen standard questionnaire after 2 weeks. The data were then analyzed by SPSS software, version 23.

To compare the average scores of moral distress and moral sensitivity of nurses between the two tests and the control group before and after the intervention, the analysis of the covariance statistical test was used. By controlling the pre-test variable, the average scores of moral distress and moral sensitivity after the intervention were significantly different between the two tests and the control group (P<0.001).

Professional ethics training affects nurses’ moral distress and moral sensitivity

Raising children with behavioral disorders is a stressful experience and many mothers experience parental stress. The present study aims to investigate the relationship of behavioral disorders in girls with learning disabilities (LDs) with parental stress and spiritual well-being in mothers in Shiraz City, Iran through the mediating role of mother-child interaction.

The statistical population of this descriptive-correlational study included mothers of girls with learning disabilities in Shiraz, Iran in 2022. A total of 227 mothers of girls with learning disabilities were selected through random sampling. To collect data, the child behavior checklist, the parenting stress index (PSI), the child-parent relationship scale (CPRS), and the spiritual well-being scale (SWBS) were used. The proposed model was assessed using path analysis in SPSS, version 27 and AMOS.

The results showed that all direct paths except parenting stress to behavioral disorders in children were significant (P<0.01). In addition, indirect paths of parental stress and spiritual well-being to behavioral disorders in children mediated by mother-child interaction were significant (P<0.01).

The results suggested that the corrected and final model had a good fit to the data and can be considered a helpful step towards understanding factors contributing to behavioral disorders in children with learning disabilities.