فصلنامه پدافند غیرعامل
سال سیزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 52، زمستان 1401)

Multi-energy microgrids, rely on energy conversion facilities, supply a flexible and highly efficient framework to meet a variety of water and energy needs. The increase in the energy demand and the shortage of potable water are major concerns in today's world. As water infrastructure requires significant energy to operate, This resulting in increased interdependence between water and energy systems. This paper provides an integrated water-energy management solution for an islanded microgrid to meet the demands of electricity, heating, cooling, and potable water with minimum cost. The proposed microgrid is equipped with combined power and heat units, absorption chillers, electric and gas boilers, wind turbines, desalination units, and various energy storage devices. The cost function is expressed as a mixed integer programming problem. Scenario-based stochastic programming is used to model uncertainties related to energy demand and wind power generation. In addition, to account for cyber attacks on wind turbines, the suggested scheduling model utilizes information-based decision theory, which allows the operator to make his schedule robust against cyber attacks on wind turbines at an acceptable cost. Considering the energy carriers other than electricity and water along with the Utilization of the concept of resilience to optimally operate the water-energy supply system in an islanded microgrid is the innovation of the proposed model. Numerical results show that the operator can reduce the effect of cyber attacks on the operation cost without the presence of water-energy storage systems by 1.5% and in the presence of these resources by 10%, which will increase the system's resilience against such attacks.

In radiological networks, the sudden return of primary users to the spectrum causes interference and increases the number of channel switching. In this case, knowledge is very important in knowing the mobility of the spectrum, which is predicted by analytical methods such as the Markov process and... Also, since radiological networks are used in different platforms such as mobile networks, the mobility of users can also increase the inherent instability of radiological networks and challenges such as routing appear; Therefore, in this article, we solve this challenge by using a method based on the selection of interface nodes and discovering the appropriate route to send the packet to the destination. Specifically, we design a reactive routing protocol for the considered scenario, the most important advantages of which are: 1) preventing user interference during route formation and data transmission, 2) reducing the number of channel switching, 3) not using of common control channel, and 4) reduction of delay and control overhead. The proposed protocol is designed for networks with mobile nodes and is known as a reliable and cost-effective method by choosing a shorter path. Numerical simulations show that the proposed protocol has a collision rate of 73% and has a lower performance than the random method; But in this protocol, the control overhead has been reduced by more than 90% in the two modes of increasing the number of nodes and the speed, and this is more important for us in a network where access is opportunistic.

With the advent of the digital age, the need for governments and companies to use information technology to optimize performance, Business process smartening and provide remote services has increased. Thus, information technology and cyber security and information have also found a special place in the digital arena. Accordingly, one of the most serious dangers that governments face, which can also undermine national security, is cyber-attacks. These attacks cover a wide range of targets, one of the main of which is to damage critical infrastructure. Therefore, the sustainability of critical infrastructure in the face of such threats is crucial. This study, considering that the security of vital infrastructure is one of the most important factors in ensuring national security and passive defense, seeks to obtain the indicators of security of critical infrastructure through a comparative study method using library resources. In this study, 10 of the most important models of cyber security and information security maturity have been analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the studied models have a total of 93 indicators. Cyber security and information security maturity models are significantly similar; Therefore, some of the counted indicators overlap. Overlapping indicators were identified and classified into 17 groups. The results show that the "incident management" index with a frequency of 11 is the most important index in securing critical infrastructure, as well as physical security, monitoring, access-identity control, security policies and other indicators in They are next.

The development  of technology has made the Internet an integral part of human life. Social media users move a significant amount of their information daily in this way. The passive defense approach seeks to reduce natural and unnatural hazards for citizens by minimizing potential harm.  This study aims to assess the attitude of citizens towards security in cyberspace and seeks to answer the question of what are the effective components in creating risks for citizens in cyberspace. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results of the questionnaires were evaluated using linear regression method and the value of R is equal to 0.807 which indicates a high correlation between variables. Cyber risk analysis was evaluated in 5 factors: socio-cultural, social security, economic security, privacy and passive defense. Also, the effects of awareness variables, population, third party approach and keeping safe were done with Amos software, which showed that the effect of knowledge on third person approach and keeping safe with coefficients of 0.21 and 0.26 is very high. The index of dissemination of appropriate behaviors of citizens in the socio-cultural factor, unauthorized eavesdropping in the factor of privacy, destruction of service systems in the factor of social security and the suitability of cyberspace for economic growth have had the greatest impact on the factor of economic security.Examining the factor of passive defense also shows the lack of complete confidence in the news published in cyberspace and the possibility of deceiving public opinion

Different methods of protecting the environment around important areas have always been done in different ways from the past to today. With the expansion of new technologies in various fields of communication and new sensors, it is necessary to use these new technologies in the protection of strategic and important areas, including borders, so that important areas can be monitored and protected at the same time. One of these technologies is perimeter protection systems based on optical fiber sensors, which are able to cover a wide area with high accuracy and proper performance. In previous researches, the structures and general definitions of these systems have been introduced, or for a specific structure, simulation or implementation of a laboratory sample has been shown. But in this research, an effort has been made to introduce and examine these systems and their principles of operation, their advantages and practical considerations, so that they can be used in important areas if necessary. Then, by checking and actual numerical values for common optical fibers, their sensitivity to temperature changes, pressure and tension has been calculated. In the following, in a simulation in MATLAB, it is shown how to calculate the location of the disruption in these systems for ten random samples, and the delay estimation error of 0.000003 was obtained for the considered parameters. It was also shown that the estimation error will be reduced by increasing the power of the input source.

Although in recent years, the issue of passive defense has become one of the key issues in the field of national security, but there is still a long way to go to reach the desired situation. Cities, and especially crowded places, are one of the environments that are always faced with a variety of threats due to the large population with high density. In fact, open access to crowded places greatly increases their potential vulnerability to military and political centers. Although the military attack is considered as the most important threat to military and political centers, threats to crowded places are military attacks, bombings, suicide attacks, car attacks, hostage-taking, strikes and internal insurgency, cyber-attacks and etc. Therefore, the present study tries to analyze the vulnerability of various crowded places in a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and Delphi method. In this regard, 23 types of crowded places in cities have been identified and the extent of their impact from various threats has been determined based on receiving the opinion of an expert group (25 experts). The data is validated based on nonparametric analysis models and Kendall coefficient test in SPSS software and analyzed by the Hierarchical Clustering method. The findings show that if crowded places are clustered based on the most similarity in terms of threats, the "railway station" and "airport" fall into one cluster with the highest vulnerability. Also, "Metro Station", "Passenger Terminal", "Shrine of Imams / Imamzadehs", "Jameh Mosque" and "Mosque and Hosseiniyah" are located in a cluster with relatively high vulnerability. In the third cluster exists "mourning and marching paths", "assembly hall", "passage / department store", "sports stadium" and "cinema and theater" which are associated with moderate vulnerability.

Landscapes and urban green spaces are an integral part of urban spaces that play a significant role in the well-being and comfort of citizens in various conditions. With the spread of the covid-19 epidemic and the imposition of quarantine and social distancing, many mental and emotional pressures were imposed on the people of the society, and the access to city parks was limited compared to the era before the covid-19 epidemic. Based on this, the aim of this research is to find out the changes in the number of times and the reasons for citizens' visits to city parks before and during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic. In this research, library resources and questionnaires were used online and distributed through up-to-date communication tools. A simple random selection method was used to select the samples and 198 people participated in the research. McNemar's statistical test and mean score were used to evaluate the data extracted from the questionnaires. The findings of the research showed that the number of visits to city parks during the Covid-19 epidemic has decreased significantly; Also, the average score of the number of visits to city parks before the covid-19 epidemic was 3.44, which is a significant trend compared to the average score of the number of visits to city parks during the covid-19 epidemic, which is 2.58. It shows a decrease in visits to urban parks; Also, the reasons for visiting city parks in the era of Covid-19 show that the recreational and social aspects of city parks have been greatly reduced. As a result, the obstacles and problems of citizens' presence in city parks should be removed and these places should be adapted to the conditions of the epidemic

Landslide is a sudden integrated movement of a volume of soil and material on the surface of the slopes that is transferred to the downstream of the slopes. In recent years, the occurrence of landslides in the northern regions of the country has increased due to land use changes, forest destruction and road construction. Landslides and rockfalls are examples of mass movements of the earth, landslides on mountain and forest roads cause direct and indirect damages in various ways, and damages include restrictions on forest management and exploitation, destruction and destruction of habitats. Also, in addition to the loss of lives, landslides cause major financial losses, the loss of livestock of villagers and the destruction of infrastructure and agricultural lands; Therefore, by knowing about landslides, it is possible to prevent their occurrence and stabilize the landslide. This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and using field observations and documentary and library studies, investigated the range movements in the watershed of Tanian district and according to the analysis of the geological map, faults, topography, slope, direction of slope, land use and its changes. In the past years, it has zoned the areas prone to landslides based on the Anbalagan model in 15 working units and has fully identified the sensitive areas; Therefore, high risk areas with an area of 1,606 hectares equivalent to 38%, medium risk areas with 2,350 hectares equivalent to 56% and low risk areas with 219 hectares equivalent to 6% were determined, and at the same time, it has provided necessary solutions to reduce damages and injuries. This can help planners and decision-makers in various fields such as soil and natural resource protection management, environment, determining road routes, passive defense (facilitating crisis management, planning, locating, etc.) in the watershed of Tanian village.

At present, a new stage of urban development called the creation of a smart city based on information and communication technologies has been noticed in different countries, and cities are increasingly named as smart. However, there is no precise definition that sets the criteria to consider a city as smart. A set of existing criteria are relatively vague and have different priorities depending on the region. Social and economic developments of countries create new conditions in terms of city management, especially in social and governmental aspects. Global studies and experiences show that in today's megacities, which face complex and extensive issues related to urban development planning and management, it is necessary to identify and manage smart solutions by creating an interactive space between citizens and advanced information and communication technology tools. . Therefore, the development of a smart city is a multidimensional concept. In this article, the proposed plans for creating smart cities in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Boston, Chicago and New York are presented and analyzed, and then by summarizing these components, a localized conceptual model is presented in Iran. According to the nature of the subject, the governing approach of this research is the descriptive-analytical research method, and in terms of the goal, it is in the category of applied research. In order to collect the required data and information, library, field and survey methods were used, and to collect field data, a questionnaire designed by the researcher was used according to the research hypothesis. The statistical population of this research included a number of people from Tabriz city, and the sample size was determined according to Cochran's method, which was random, and in the formulation of the measurement plan, it was in order, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient method was used for the reliability of the measurement. Is; Therefore, the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed in the form of descriptive statistics (frequency, mode, mean, table and graph) and inferential statistics (chi-square test and Pearson's correlation coefficient) in Spss and Amos software, as well as using Gretel's density model for Investigating the axes of the smart city has been used. The sample size is 150 people through the Cochrane method. Likert scale was used in developing the questionnaire, and the reliability of the research method is 0.905 using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which confirms the reliability of the questions. The components of smartening urban services were distributed among 150 people and collected for analysis. The components of the smart city and its relationship with urban services have been evaluated, and in this regard, the components were prioritized in the following order: technology, quality of environment and life, urban planning, environment and sustainability and energy, transportation, economy, governance, social solidarity.

Passive defense is a set of unarmed measures to increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, continue essential activities, promote national stability, and facilitate crisis management in the face of enemy threats and military action. The purpose of this study was to investigate the design requirements of Dorud city docking station from the perspective of passive defense and defense. The research method was descriptive-analytical and the means of collecting and processing information were referring to libraries, reputable journals, banks and data centers. Construction of sign and communication buildings, passive defense considerations in the overhead power supply network of the railway, passive defense considerations against cyber threats, consideration of passive defense considerations in the protection of bridges, consideration of the construction of appropriate defensive space considerations Predicting   dual-purpose shelter (in crisis situations and with the ability to operate under normal conditions), observing passive defense considerations in designing non-structural facades, predicting a belt line in designing railway stations, observing passive defense considerations in designing station structures, etc. The design indicators of Dorud city docking station are passive from the point of view of defense.