فصلنامه برنامه ریزی فضایی (جغرافیا)
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 47، زمستان 1401)

Migration is a phenomenon common to all countries and reverse migration is reflective of migration from urban to rural areas. It is a phenomenon that gradually increases and could have consequences in the society. The purpose of this study is to investigate environmental, physical, economic, and social causes and consequences of reverse migration to rural areas of Buin and Miandasht. This research is descriptive-analytical in which the data were collected using the library-field method. From the 5 rural districts of this county, 5 villages that had the most reverse migrant households were selected. Then, a sample of 290 reverse migrants was determined and questioned using the Cochran method. According to descriptive data, environmental-physical aspects with a mean of 40.14 have been the most important factors of migration. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis and the path coefficient of the main causes show a 40% influence of social causes, 41.7% of economic causes, and 48.2% of physical-environmental causes on reverse migration. The results of the independent t-test for all variables (i.e. positive and negative consequences of reverse migration) also showed that the average negative effects are physical (29.86%), economic (14.09%), and social (20.90%). The average positive effects are physical (14.38%), economic (24.68%), and social (30.13%). In examining the results, the change in natural landscapes with an average of 3.96 had the greatest environmental-physical impact. The improvement of educational indicators with an average of 3.44 had the greatest social impact and increasing land and housing price with an average of 3.45 had the greatest economic impact.

As a social capital, youths are the driving force of a country, and if they are properly planned and trained, they can act as an active force in raising the high goals of the society. But in some areas, including marginal areas, due to geographical conditions, lack of service, poverty, the prevalence of delinquency and addiction, etc., young people are exposed to all kinds of social harm. In the present study, by studying the background of the research and sources, we have extracted the dimensions of youth empowerment in Ali Ibn Abitaleb Neighbourhood (Arak City) by preparing a questionnaire. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The sample size was determined according to the statistical population of this neighborhood using Cochran's formula. According to the census 2015, the population of the area was 37,249 people. First, questionnaires were distributed (online and manually) among young people, after completing the questionnaire, 200 people were selected according to the variance obtained from the initial sample. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicate that the environmental factor has the highest factor load with a weight of 0.94. Also, the factor of personal context with a factor load of 0.84 is in the next order, which indicates the existence of a high context for empowerment programs among young people.

Rural areas are always exposed to serious risks and damages, which shows the importance of risk management and forecasting. Resilience is an approach that can help improve rural areas and their response in the face of crisis. In this study, the aim is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the economic and social resilience of rural areas in the form of a case study in Kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through the field approach. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was approved and its reliability was also confirmed with a Cronbach's coefficient greater than 0.74. The statistical population of the research was formed by the heads of households in the villages with more than 100 households in the central part of Kermanshah city, which were a total of 2314 households. The sample size was determined through Cochran's formula, 330 household heads. The result of the test showed that the economic and social resilience of rural areas is significant at the level of less than 0.05 and according to the calculated average (2.386), their condition is evaluated as unfavorable. Among the 11 indicators of economic and social resilience, two indicators of damage with an average of 3.962, and then preparedness to deal with accidents among villagers with an average of 3.093 had an average status and the rest of the indicators were weak. Also, the results of the factor analysis confirm that the three factors of the prosperity of economic platforms and job creation, improvement of human and social capital, as well as the creation of facilities and income capacities, are the most influential factors in the resilience of rural areas.

Water surface temperature in open seas and lakes is known as one of the indicators for measuring oceanographic and meteorological characteristics. In the present study, the data from the AVHRR sensor (1989-2019) have been used to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in water surface temperature of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Average (monthly), seasonal, and annual temperatures were obtained from daily data in ArcGIS 10.8 software. Then, the trend of water temperature changes in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea compared to the Caspian Sea was investigated. The results of the water surface temperature data analysis showed that the water temperature in the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea decreased in the northern part of the Persian Gulf in the spring, but in the summer, the temperature decreased in the central part of the Caspian Sea. In autumn and winter, the temperature drop is affected by the latitude. While the southern parts of the Caspian Sea, especially the southeast, are the hottest areas, the Middle Caspian has a lower temperature than the rest of the regions. In the spring season, the temperature decreased in the Middle Caspian, and an increase in temperature was observed towards the upper and lower latitudes. While in the autumn season, a decrease in the water surface temperature was observed in the Persian Gulf and in the winter, in the Oman Sea. The monthly temperature trends for the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea are increasing for 12 months. In the Caspian Sea, the trend of temperature changes in January and December was decreasing and increasing in the rest of the months.

Today, cultural capital and its promotion are emphasized in reducing and controlling social issues such as environmental crises. It seems that sustainable development, especially its environmental aspect, depends on cultural and social factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural and social factors affecting the optimal performance of water resources protection and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. This research is based on sociological theories, the socio-psychological theory of Schwartz's altruistic behavior, Giddens's view, Moore and Maranz's view, and Stern's view. The research method is of descriptive-correlational survey type. The study population included all organizational forces and affiliated companies under the supervision of Isfahan Regional Water Company in 1400 (2021). The total number of statistical population was estimated to be 362 people. Then, 196 people were selected using Morgan's table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics (mean, variance, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling method) were also used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24 and AMOS version 24. The results showed that cultural factors (social trust, social participation, and water conflicts) and social factors (environmental awareness, environmental attitudes, and culture of improving consumption patterns) had an effect on the optimal performance of water conservation and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. Environmental awareness (with a Beta weight of 0.235), environmental attitudes (with a Beta weight of 0.555), consumer culture modification culture (with a Beta weight of 1.063), social trust (with a Beta weight of 0.830), social participation (with a Beta weight of 0.929) and water conflicts (with a Beta weight of 0.909) had an effect on the optimal performance of water conservation and exploitation groups in Isfahan province. Accordingly, the environmental behaviors of citizens and institutions should be eco-oriented and based on people's values, beliefs, and environmental awareness. Therefore, in the new management and practical actions in water sustainability and its environmental challenges, in addition to technical factors, the attitude and environmental knowledge of man and the cultural aspects of his behaviors should also be noticed. The result of this research showed that environmental awareness and knowledge and the weak level of social participation of local users are factors affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of water resources protection groups in Isfahan.

Undoubtedly, the tourism industry is one of the most important sources of income, and paying attention to the tourists’ ‘movement’ as the pillars of the tourism system, has an undeniable role in the development of this industry because a path can be determined for tourist’s movement with any purpose and on any scale of tourism. Therefore, considering how tourists move is very important in determining and designing tourist routes, and it is obvious that the quality of these routes has a significant impact on tourism promotion. The present study aims to investigate tourists’ movement by analyzing the relationship between the spatial structure of these routes and the natural movement on them. For this purpose, the Jolfa tourism axis located in the historical context of District 5 of Isfahan Municipality was selected as the case study. Then, the justified graph and axial map of these routes are designed by the Space Syntax theory and its relative concepts and tourists’ movement on these routes are analyzed and compared using the AGRAPH software application and its indicators which include Total Depth, Mean Depth, Relative Asymmetry, Integration, and Control Value. The present study falls within the category of descriptive-analytical studies in terms of procedure (selected by the researcher) and applied studies in terms of objective. The data were collected using library and field study methods. The research results indicate that Khaqani Street, Kelisa Alley, and Khajeh Abed Alley with integration(i) indices 20.67, 14.95, 13.78, and the total depth(TDn) of 72,85,89, respectively, have the highest integration and the lowest total depth. Thus, naturally, the potential for movement and presence of tourists and pedestrians on this route is more than in other parts of the Jolfa axis. Although Jolfa Alley has less permeability and access than other spaces on this axis in terms of spatial structure, due to the presence of Vank Church, Jolfa Square, and other tourist attractions, it welcomes many tourists and pedestrians daily. Therefore, it can be concluded that in addition to the indicators studied in AGRAPH software, other factors are also effective in attracting pedestrians and their movement.

Cities should take steps to use creative services to develop tourism. In addition to meeting the needs of citizens and tourists, they should also bring satisfaction to them. In this regard, this descriptive-analytical study examined the current state of tourism services in Isfahan City and the role of effective factors in providing appropriate and creative services in the development of the tourism industry. It also seeks to provide creative solutions to reduce problems and make the most of tourism potential, especially tourism services in Isfahan City. The sample size encompasses citizens and tourists (384 people), and experts (40 people) who were selected using the Cochran formula and the snowball sampling method. The data were analyzed using the Fuzzy Promethee technique and EXCEL and GIS software. The results showed that Region 14 is in a very poor condition in terms of creative tourism services due to the lack of effective technologies, responsibility towards the environment, etc. The study suggests taking a positive step in facilitating the creative process of tourism services to improve the status of tourism services.