نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 82، فروردین 1402)

The aim of this research was to compare the Parent-Child Relationship, Identity Styles, and Self-Compassion of Adolescents in Single-Child and Multi-Child Families. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in relation to procedure, it was a descriptive-comparative. The study community included all high school girls and boys single-child and multiple-child in Tehran in 2021, among them 180 students were selected as samples by purposeful sampling. Research questionnaires included: the parent-child relationship scale(PCRS-1983), identity styles(ISS -1992), and self-compassion(SCS-2003) questionnaire. multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. The results of multivariate variance analysis showed no difference between single-child and multi-child teenagers in terms of parent-child relationships(P<0.65). Also, the results showed that self-compassion and avoidant identity styles are different in adolescents with single-child and multiple-child adolescents (P<0.001). Generally, the results of the present study showed that there is no difference between single-child and multi-child adolescents in terms of parent-child relationships. Still, single children had lower self-compassion and a more avoidant identity style than multiple children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between gratitude with perceived stress and depression. The research method was a descriptive correlational study using path analysis. The statistical population of this research included all mothers of children with developmental disabilities in elementary special schools of Tabriz City during the second half of the academic year of 2020-2021. For this purpose, 283 mothers were selected using the available sampling method. Data were collected using Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) (McCullough et al, 2002), self‐compassion scale (SCS-SF) (Raes et al.,2011), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) (Cohen et al,1983) and Depression Inventory Short Form Items (BDI-13) (Beck and Beck, 1972). The results indicated that gratitude has a significant negative relationship with stress and depression and a significant positive relationship with self–compassion (p<0.01). also, self–compassion has a significant negative relationship with stress and depression(p<0.01). Findings also showed that self-compassion mediated the relationship between gratitude with perceived stress and depression(p<0.01). The results showed that the research model provided the optimal fit to the data. Overall, the findings suggest that by focusing on strengthening gratitude and self–compassion, we can reduce depression and perceived stress of mothers of children with developmental disabilities.

The way the spouse's emotional expression is responded to is one of the factors playing a role in the formation of marital intimacy. The current study intended to compare the behavioral responses to the spouse's emotional expression between women with high and low levels of emotional intimacy. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was applied to conduct this study. A sample of 20 married women in Tehran (2021) was selected using a purposive sampling method and considering the principle of saturation. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method of phenomenological data analysis. Data analysis resulted in extracting six main themes from each group. The main themes extracted from the high emotional intimacy group include "encouragement, attending to emotions and accepting it", "companionship in the cognitive processing of emotion", "proactive responding", "timing in responding to spouse's emotion", "corrective actions" and "managing the environmental stimuli" and the main themes extracted from the low emotional intimacy group include "non-encouragement, not attending to emotions and not accepting it", "rationalization", "reactive emotional responding", "rush in response", "retaliatory actions" and "selective responding". The results indicate that there are some differences between the behavioral responses of the two groups in four dimensions flexibility, constructiveness, companionship, and agency.

Major Depressive Disorder is a prevalent, debilitating disorder that negatively affects a person’s emotions, thoughts, and behavior. The symptoms we now recognize as depression have long been recorded in history. This research aims generally to review diagnostic criteria over the course of history, criteria for differential diagnosis, accounts of etiology throughout history, as well as epidemiology and comorbid disorders. Then notable considerations regarding clinical interviews with these patients and different approaches to treating this disorder throughout history are discussed. The present study was conducted by searching databases including PubMed, PubPsych, PsychINFO, ResearchGate, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink with keywords like the history of depression, history of diagnostic criteria and differential diagnoses of depression, etiology, epidemiology, comorbidity and treatment of depression over time. Due to the emphasis on historical course and developments over time, no time limitation was considered to review the texts. An overview of Major Depressive Disorder shows that many of the symptoms that have been reported for this disorder throughout history have been remarkably stable, despite variations overall. Besides, different treatments have been utilized at different points in time depending on various etiological accounts. A review of the relevant literature on the treatment of depression demonstrates the need for further research regarding relapse prevention as well as an exploration of long‑term effectiveness over short-term efficacy.

The purpose of the research was to determine the effectiveness of gamification-based education design on students' motivational strategies and social skills in work and technology courses. The research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all seventh-grade male students in the 18th district of Tehran, who were studying in the academic year 1400-1401. The sample consisted of 44 students who were selected in a staged cluster method and then randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. To collect data, the researcher-made motivational strategies scale (RMMSQ) was used by research researchers, and the social skills scale (MESSY) by Mattson (1983). Finally, the data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis. Findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the post-test of the experimental and control groups in motivational strategies and social skills (P<0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the education design based on gamification was effective on the research variables in work and technology lessons.

The purpose of the current research was to evaluate a model of adjustment to the disease based on uncertainty and cognitive flexibility with the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation. The method of descriptive correlational research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all women with breast cancer who were referred to Karaj medical centers between October 1400 and April 1401, and 222 people were selected from among them. The tools of this research include Michel's disease uncertainty (1983), cognitive flexibility (2010), emotion regulation difficulty (2004), and adaptation to cancer by Watson et al. (1989). Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling. The findings showed that uncertainty had a positive and significant effect on the difficulty in emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility had a negative and significant effect on the difficulty in emotion regulation, uncertainty on adaptation to cancer, difficulty in emotion regulation had a negative and significant effect on adaptation to cancer (p<0.01). the effect of uncertainty on adaptation to cancer due to difficulty in emotional regulation had a negative and significant effect, and the effect of cognitive flexibility on adaptation to cancer due to difficulty in emotional regulation was positive and significant (p<0.01). From the findings, it can be concluded that uncertainty and cognitive flexibility play a key role in predicting adaptation to the disease, and it seems necessary for counseling clinics to pay more attention to these variables in women with breast cancer.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-based marital relationship enrichment training during pregnancy on emotional empathy, perception of fairness, and sexual desires of young couples in Ahvaz City. The method was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the current research was all young couples with pregnant women aged 22 to 31 who were referring to the hospital and private offices of obstetricians and gynecologists in Ahvaz City in the year 2022, that Among them, 30 volunteer-qualified couples were selected in the framework of purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (15 couples or 30 people in each group). The emotional empathy scale (Mehrabian and Epstein, 1972, EES), Fairness Perception Questionnaire (Perry, 2004, PEM), and Sexuality Questionnaire (Halbert, 1992, HSDQ) were used to collect data. For the experimental group, 8 sessions of 180 minutes of marital relationship enrichment training were implemented as a group, and no intervention was done in the control group. Descriptive statistical methods and univariate and multivariate correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The research results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the two groups in emotional empathy, perception of fairness, and sexual desires in the post-test stage (P<0.05). From the above findings, it can be concluded that emotion-based marital relationship enrichment training during pregnancy effectively improves emotional empathy, perception of fairness, and sexual desires of young couples.

The aim of this research was to compare hyper-anger, hyper-contempt, and hyper-control in women suffering from anorexia nervosa and excessive overeating. This research was descriptive-causal and comparative. The statistical population of the study included all the patients with eating disorders who were referred to psychological clinics and specialized nutrition centers in Karaj City in order to use psychological services in the first three months of 2021 and were willing to participate in the research. The research sampling method was accessible. 50 women suffering from anorexia nervosa and 50 women suffering from overeating were selected as samples. The data were collected using the eating disorder diagnosis scale of Stick et al. (2000) (EDDS) and Mitmansgruber et al.'s (2009) emotional scale (MES). The research data were analyzed by variance analysis (multivariate). The results showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of women suffering from anorexia nervosa and excessive overeating in hyper-humiliation and hyper-control (p<0.05). Also, there is no significant difference between these two groups in terms of extra anger (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the two groups of women suffering from anorexia nervosa and excessive overeating in the components of overexcitement such as over-contempt and overcontrol, but no difference was seen in over-anger between the two groups.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy and schema therapy on mental health in women affected by betrayal. The current study was practical and semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women affected by the betrayal of their husbands in Tehran in 2022-2023 who were referred to counseling centers. 60 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. All of them completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) of Goldberg and Hiller (1979) in three phases: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up, and the experimental groups received schema therapy interventions and acceptance and commitment-based therapy. After collecting the data, the data was analyzed using the variance analysis method of repeated measurements. The results showed that in the post-test and follow-up phase, there is a significant difference between the schema therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy groups with the control group in the mental health variable (P<0.05) and the therapeutic interventions improved the mental health of betrayed women. This was despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the two groups of schema therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment in any of the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that the methods of schema therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment were effective on mental health in women after betrayal.

This research was carried out with the purpose of investigating the mediating role of perceived burdensomeness and suicidal ideation in the relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and non-suicidal self-injury. The research statistical population was 224,400 high school students in Tehran in the year 2018-2019. 420 students were selected via sampling cluster random method and Beck scale for suicidal ideation (Beck, Kovacs and Weissman, 1979), self-harm inventory (Sansone, Wiederman, Sansone and Touchet, 1998), conflict behavior questionnaire (Robin and Foster, 1989) and Interpersonal needs questionnaire (Van Orden, Kukrowicz, & Witte & Joiner, 2012) responded. The results of the path analysis showed that parent-adolescent conflict has a significant indirect effect on non-suicidal self-injury through suicidal ideation and perceived burdensomeness. In addition, parent-adolescent conflict, perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation had the ability to explain 36% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that reducing the perceived burdensomeness, and suicidal ideation, and resolving parent-adolescent conflicts can have an effective role in reducing non-suicidal self-injury.

The aim of the current research was to investigate the structural relationships of dark personality structure, emotional inhibition with extramarital relationships with the mediation of attitude towards marital commitment among women and men with extramarital relationships. The design of the current research was of a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the research included all the couples who were referred to the counseling centers of Miandoab City in 2021. Among them, 280 people were selected using the purposeful sampling method and they completed the Dark Triad Personality Test (SD-3, Jenson &Webster, 2010) Emotional Control Questionnaire (ECQ, Roger &Nashover, 1987), Marital Infidelity Questionnaire (MIQ, Marami &Khademi, 2012) Dimensions of Commitment Inventory (DCI, Adams & Jones, 1997). Data analysis using the structural equation modeling method showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between dark personality traits and attitudes towards infidelity at the level of 0.01, as well as between emotional control and marital commitment and attitudes towards infidelity at the level of 0.01. There is a negative and significant relationship. The results of the research showed that the dark personality structure and emotional inhibition are related to the mediation of attitude towards marital commitment with extramarital relationships. The findings of this research, in addition to supporting the hypothetical model for extramarital relations, provide a suitable model for its etiology, and finally, the model has a good fit.

The aim of the current research was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and mindfulness-based therapy on the amount of corona stress in patients with covid-19. In terms of the purpose, the present research was part of applied research, and in terms of method, it was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a 2-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the study included all the patients infected with Covid-19 in Mazandaran province in 2021, from which 45 people were selected as a sample by available sampling and were replaced in two experimental groups and a control group. CSS-18 (2019) and reality therapy sessions were performed in 8 sessions once a week for 90 minutes and mindfulness in 8 sessions once a week for 90 minutes. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The findings showed that reality therapy reduces the stress of coronavirus in patients with covid 19 (p=0.001), and the treatment based on mindfulness reduces the stress of coronavirus in patients with covid 19 (p=0.001). ), there is no difference between the effectiveness of reality therapy and mindfulness-based therapy on corona stress in patients with covid-19 (p=0.05); Based on the results of the research, it can be said that these two treatment methods can be used to reduce the stress of corona in patients with covid-19.

Given that psychological factors play an important role in the decision to perform cosmetic surgery. The aim of this study was to explain the model of ego strength based on object relations, and the mediating role of personality organization in people applying cosmetic head and face surgery. Applying a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included all people who were referred to Vanak Cosmetic Surgery Center in Tehran in the spring and summer of 2020, a sample of 350 subjects was selected by the available sampling method, and inclusion/exclusion criteria were controlled for. Data were collected through the Psychosocial Inventory of Ego-strengths (PIES, 1997), Bell's Object Relations Inventory (BORI, 1986), and Kernberg’s Inventory of Personality (IPO, 2002). Data were analyzed by path analysis. The structural relationships between the variables showed that object relationships had a positive and direct effect on personality organization (β=0.119, P<0.01) and ego strength (β=0.228, P<0.01). Also, personality organization had a positive and direct effect on ego strength (β = 0.400, P < 0.01). In addition, the indirect effect of object relationships on ego strength was equal to 0.027 and significant(P < 0.01). It can be concluded that Injury in object relationships by affecting personality organization can create a weak ego among people seeking cosmetic surgery.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on negative future thoughts in entrance exam candidates with physical symptoms. This research was a quasi-experimental study of pre-test, and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all female entrance examination candidates under the supervision and follow-up of educational counselors of Talesh City counseling centers in the period of 2020-2021, from which 45 people were selected using purposive sampling. This number was among the three intervention groups based on mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral, and control groups that were randomly replaced. Data were collected using the Negative Future Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ, Holon et al., 1980). Mindfulness-based intervention was held in 8 2-hour sessions and cognitive-behavioral intervention was conducted in 9 2-hour sessions once a week. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance. The results showed that mindfulness-based therapy is effective in reducing negative spontaneous thoughts (p <0.05); Cognitive-behavioral therapy was also reported to be effective in reducing negative spontaneous thoughts (p <0.05). The results showed that mindfulness-based therapy intervention was significantly different from the cognitive-behavioral group in terms of effectiveness on negative future thoughts (p <0.05). It can be concluded that mindfulness-based therapy is more effective in reducing negative future thoughts in entrance exam candidates with more physical symptoms.

The comparison of the effectiveness of exploratory group training and conceptual learning in the science lesson on the academic emotions of fifth-grade male students in Kiyar city. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population of the research was fifth-grade male students of Kiyar City in the academic year 2020-2021. The research sample consisted of 75 students who were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly placed in three group training: exploratory, conceptual, and proof. The data were collected using the academic emotions questionnaire (2005) by Pekaran et al. (AEQ) and analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that the main effect of the group was reported for the group of exploration and concept learning in positive and negative academic emotions (P<0.05); Also, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up in the variables of positive and negative academic emotions in the group of exploration and conceptual learning was also reported to be significant. The size of the effect also showed the effect of 88% and 84.2% of exploratory intervention and conceptual learning on academic emotions, respectively. It can be concluded that exploratory group training and conceptual learning were effective on academic emotions and there is no difference between the effectiveness of exploratory group training and conceptual learning on academic emotions.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of choice theory training on the stress caused by Corona and the cognitive regulation of emotions of engineers who are members of the engineering system of Fereydon Kenar City. The current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research community was formed by all the engineers who were members of the engineering system of Fereydon Kenar city in 1400, and among them, 30 people were randomly selected as a sample and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15) 1 person in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) were replaced. The tools of this research included Corona Stress Questionnaire (Salimi et al., 2019- CSS-18) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski et al., 2006- CERQ). The experimental group received choice theory training during 9 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Multivariate analysis of the covariance test was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test average in the two test and control groups in terms of dependent variables (p<001). The findings also showed that choice theory training is effective in reducing corona stress and reducing maladaptive emotion strategies and increasing adaptive emotion strategies.

The present research was carried out aiming at assessing the mediating role of couple forgiveness in the relationship between marital attributions and marital burnout. The research was conducted by the descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the study included all married people (men and women) with marital problems referring to family counseling centers in Tehran (Iran) in 2020, 300 of whom (150 women and 150 men) were chosen by convenience method as the research sample. Pines’ (1996) couple burnout measure (CBM-Q) questionnaire, Fincham and Bradbury’s (1992) relationship attribution measure (RAQ) questionnaire, and Pollard et al.’s (1998) family forgiveness scale (FFS) were employed to collect data. The Structural Equation Modeling test was used to analyze data. The research findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between gender stereotypes and couple burnout, and a negative and significant relationship between couple burnout, couple attributes, and couple forgiveness (p<0.01). Moreover, couple attributes played an indirect role in couple burnout through couple forgiveness (p<0.01). Generally, the research’s assumed model had a good fit. Given the research results, it can be claimed that couple forgiveness plays a mediating role in the relationship between couple burnout and couple attributes.

The aim of this study was to phenomenologically investigate the role of music on the psychological dimensions of youth. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The study population was students in the age range of 18 to 35 years studying at Allameh Tabatabai University during the year 1300-1400. Sampling was purposefully selected from the community. The research tool was a semi-structured interview in which the effect of popular music on the psychological and emotional dimensions of individuals was examined. Sampling was continued until saturation; After 13 interviews, the obtained data were analyzed. A total of 39 sub-themes were extracted which were finally classified into 13 main themes. Findings indicate that the effects of different types of music on young people are divided into three domains: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. The emotional domain includes: creating a sense of calm, creating energy and happiness, creating social interest, emotional paradox, frustration, and contagious sadness; Behavioral domains include empowerment, emotional exhaustion, communication with others, the portrayal of individual identity, and music addiction in young people.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy and thematic relationships on interpersonal sensitivity and aggressive behaviors in individuals with a borderline personality disorder. The research design was a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study was all people with borderline personality disorder admitted to Razi Hospital in Urmia in 1399. Forty-five women were selected by purposive sampling method based on entry and exit criteria and in two experimental groups (each (15 patients) and the group waiting for treatment was randomly replaced. So that the first experimental group did not receive short-term dynamic psychotherapy, the second experimental group did not receive thematic relationships and the waiting group did not receive any intervention. The Bartes Impulsivity Scale (BIS, Bart, 1997) and the Interpersonal Sensitivity Questionnaire (ISS, Boyce and Popker, 1989) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance and post hoc test. The results showed that short-term dynamic psychotherapy and thematic relationships have an effect on interpersonal sensitivity and aggressive behaviors in people with borderline personality disorder (P <0.01). The results of the post hoc test also showed that short-term dynamic psychotherapy has a greater effect on aggressive behaviors and the treatment of thematic relationships has an effect on interpersonal sensitivity in borderline disorders (P <0.05). According to the therapeutic goals, dynamic psychotherapy and thematic relationships can be used to influence interpersonal sensitivity and aggressive behavior.

The aim of this study was the compare supportive-offline therapy focused on acceptance and commitment and online group therapy based on acceptance and commitment to weight management self-efficacy in overweight or obese people. This study was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the people who were invited to this study from the acceptance and commitment clinic during the call between March 2021 and May 2021 in the number of 38 people. From the mentioned population, 30 people who met the criteria for entering the research were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 10 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The measurement tool of this study was the weight management self-efficacy questionnaire) WELSQ). In order to analyze the data, multivariate covariance analysis was used. The findings showed that in both experience groups, the average scores of the post-test had changed compared to the pre-test(P<0.05). the pairwise comparison of the groups showed that in the subscale of self-efficacy during positive activities, the effectiveness of the supportive-offline therapy was more than the online-group therapy(P<0.05). Regarding other subscales, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of these two methods(P>0.05). From these findings, it can be concluded that if overweight people do not want to receive face-to-face interventions, non-face-to-face interventions can be used as an alternative solution.