Journal of adolescent and youth psychological studies
Volume:4 Issue: 1, 2023

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of reality therapy on the emotional balance and responsibility of adolescents. The research method was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, follow-up test and control group. The statistical population included all teenage girls of the second secondary level of Bojnoord who were studying in one of the schools of this city in the academic year of 1400-01. From among these people, 40 students who were willing to participate in the research and met the entry criteria were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 20 people, experimental and control. The tools of data collection were Watson et al.'s (1988) emotional balance questionnaires and Gough et al.'s (1952) responsibility scale. The data obtained from these questionnaires were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated measurements. The results indicated that reality therapy is effective on the emotional balance and responsibility of adolescents (P<0.01). Based on these findings, it can be said that reality therapy can have good effects on the psycho-social condition of students.

People use different coping strategies to face stressful situations, affecting students' academic performance. It seems that self-regulation of knowledge, human agency, and thinking styles affect the choice of coping style. The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of the effect of human agency and self-regulation of knowledge on the choice of coping styles with academic stress, considering the mediating role of thinking style.

The current research was applied in terms of purpose and based on the nature and method of data collection, descriptive-correlation type, structural equation analysis type. The statistical population included all male students of the second secondary level of theoretical branches in Kashan city in the academic year of 2014-2016, and 497 students were selected as the study sample through random sampling. Students responded to Cote's (1997) multifaceted agentive personality questionnaire, SRKS-U knowledge self-regulation questionnaire, Andler-Parker's coping styles questionnaire, and Sternberg-Wagner's (1992) thinking styles. In order to analyze the research data and to test the hypotheses, the correlation coefficient and the structural equation method were used using SPSS.26 and LISREL 8.8 statistical software.

The results of the present study showed that the variable of agency and self-regulation of knowledge directly and positively influenced the variable of problem-oriented coping style with the mediation of thinking styles. The variable of agency and self-regulation of knowledge directly and negatively affected the variable of emotion-oriented coping style with the mediation of thinking styles. The variable of agency and self-regulation of knowledge directly and negatively affected the variable of avoidant coping style with the mediation of thinking styles.

Therefore, according to the results of educational workshops, adaptive strategies to deal with stress are suggested for students in schools.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting the quality of life based on happiness and hope in single-parent teenagers.

The current research population was female elementary school students in Semnan city, from which 220 single parents (12 to 16 years old) who met the criteria for entering the study were selected according to the criteria. The measurement tools in this research included the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1991), Oxford Hills and Argyll Happiness Questionnaire (2002) and Schneider et al.'s Hope Questionnaire (1991) and statistical analysis using SPSS version 23 software and multiple regression test. It was used simultaneously.

The results showed that happiness variables and hope components (strategic thinking and agentic thinking) can explain 23.2% of the variance of quality of life and it is significant at a level less than 0.01.

Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the quality of life of single-parent teenagers can be predicted with the help of hope and happiness.

Students' innovative and creative thinking determines important aspects of their lives; however, environmental and personality factors affecting it, have been neglected. This study was conducted with the aim of "explaining students' creativity based on spiritual vitality with the role of perfectionism".

 The research was descriptive and structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of the study consisted of all male and female students studying in the undergraduate level of architecture schools in Tehran in the academic year 2020, of which 300 students (150 girls and 150 boys) were selected by cluster random sampling method. Abedi Creativity Questionnaire, Afrooz Spiritual Joy Questionnaire and Terry Short Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed at two levels of descriptive and inferential and with the necessary assumptions and with SPSS and AMOS software version 24 and at the significance level of 0.05.

Based on the results of this study, the proposed model of causal relationships between the mentioned variables had an acceptable fit. In general, in the proposed research model, the results showed that spiritual vitality is directly and indirectly related to creativity through perfectionism in students. Also, the results showed that the relationship between spiritual vitality and perfectionism is inverse and significant.

According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the authorities, by preparing programs, in addition to increasing awareness on creativity and its development stages, have a special focus on promoting students' spiritual vitality.

The present study was carried out with the aim of a comparative study of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on the verbal and visual memory of female students of the first year of high school.

The present study was designed and implemented as an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and with a control group. Subjects were randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group. The data was obtained using the Wechsler memory test, which was performed individually. Then, the group of cognitive bias adjustment sessions and Simonton's guided mental imagery (Karami and Moradi, 2009) were exposed to different trainings during 8 90-minute sessions, while the control group remained without any intervention. After the training of the experimental groups, the Wechsler test was again performed on the 3 groups. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test and SPSS23 software.

The results showed that the effect of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on verbal and visual memory is positive and significant, and according to the significance level of this test (p=0.699), it can be concluded that there is a difference between the effect of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on memory. There is no significant difference between students verbally and visually.

Teaching different ways of learning in students will have a significant contribution to their school progress due to the greater sensitivity to this segment of the society.

Critical thinking skills in itself are a type of cognitive skills that emphasize on cognitive strategies and the aspect of tendency to critical thinking, on the attitudinal components of thinking and the internal motivation to solve problems. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the fit of the model based on the relationship between family communication patterns with tendency to critical thinking and happiness with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in students.

The current research method was descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of this study was the female students of the second grade of public schools in Chalus city. Using random cluster sampling, a sample of 319 people was selected. The data collection tools were Ricketts (2003) critical thinking tendency questionnaire, Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaire, Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) communication patterns questionnaire and Oxford happiness inventory (Argyle et al., 1989). Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation method.

It showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between family communication patterns with tendency to critical thinking (r=0.34; P<0.05) and happiness (r=0.35; P<0.05). There is a positive and significant relationship between cognitive flexibility with tendency to critical thinking (r=0.73; P<0.01) and happiness (r=0.69; P<0.01).

Based on the results of structural equation modeling, the model based on the relationship between family communication patterns with tendency to critical thinking and happiness with the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in students has sufficient fit. It is expected that the effect of factors such as family communication patterns and cognitive flexibility on increasing happiness and tendency to critical thinking in students will be noticed by researchers and educational planners and consultants.

 Young people, including students in any society, are considered the intellectual and spiritual assets of that society and are the builders of that society's future, so these people are the ones who must accept the responsibilities of that society in the future. Studying the specific issues of young people, successful education and ensuring their physical and mental health is one of the most important goals of government educational planners. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two methods of treatment based on acceptance and commitment and Beck cognitive therapy on aggression and irresponsibility of students of Islamic Azad University، Islamshahr Branch.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with the control group and using the selection of subjects in the experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study is students who referred to the Mental Health Counseling and Services Center of Islamic Azad University، Islamshahr Branch from April 2014 to September 2017. The sample size was 45 students who were selected by purposive sampling method from the statistical population and were randomly assigned to three groups of acceptance and commitment therapy experiments (n = 15)، cognitive therapy (n = 15) and control (n = 15). Both experimental groups were trained for 10 sessions of 90 minutes and no intervention was performed for the control group (third group). The content of the interventions in the ACT and CT experimental groups was presented in 10 sessions based on the training package. The research instrument included a Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire 2- Reconstructed Form. In this research، the statistical model of repeated measures measurement has been used.  

 The results showed that both treatments significantly improved aggression and irresponsibility compared to the treatment group, in other words, these two treatments in the post-test and follow-up stages were able to significantly reduce the scores of aggression and irresponsibility towards the treatment group.  also the results showed that "group therapy based on acceptance and commitment" is more effective on the variable "aggression" than "Beck cognitive therapy"؛ While the effect of "Beck cognitive therapy" is more effective than "group therapy based on acceptance and commitment" on the variable "irresponsibility.

According to the findings، it is concluded that group therapy based on acceptance and commitment can be effective in improving students' aggression and Beck cognitive therapy in improving their irresponsibility.

The present study was conducted with the aim of predicting family resilience based on marital commitment and psychological capital. For this purpose, a random sample of 296 people was selected from the statistical population of married men and women in tatkab (from West Azarbaijan province). In this research, in order to collect data, McCubbin et al.'s family resilience questionnaire (1986) and Stanley and Markman's marital commitment questionnaire (1992) and Luthans Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2007), were used. The data obtained from the research were analyzed with SPSS-23 software. The results of multivariate regression showed that marital commitment can predict family resilience with 99% confidence and among the components of psychological capital, self-efficacy can predict family resilience with 95% confidence. As a result, in order to face and deal with problems and crises, it is emphasized on preserving family unity and marital commitment and psychological capital.

Infertility is one of the most important crises in life, which leads to psychological problems and stressful emotional experiences and affects the mutual relations of couples. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of schema therapy on co-choice-avoidance and marital boredom in infertile women.

The research design was a quasi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all the infertile women of Sari who visited the infertility center in the first 6 months of 2019. 40 people were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of 20 people, experimental and control. Then, the people of the experimental group were trained in Young's (1990) schema therapy protocol in 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any training. Bernstein et al.'s (1985) and Pines' (1996) marital despondency questionnaires were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance test.

The results showed that schema therapy is effective on partner choice-avoidance and marital boredom in infertile women in the post-test stage (P<0.05).

According to the findings of this research, through schema therapy in a group way, it is possible to help to improve companionship-avoidance and marital boredom in infertile women.

The aim of this study was to provide a structural model for predicting mental disorders based on time perspective mediated by feelings of psychological cohesion and cognitive flexibility.

The method of the present study was descriptive and the correlational research design was structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study consisted of all undergraduate students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran who were studying in the academic year 2020-21, from them 387 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) Questionnaire ٫Time perspective Zimbardo & Boyed (1999) Questionnaire٫ the Feelings of Mental Cohesion Flensburg (2006) Questionnaire, and the Dennis and Vanderwall Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (2010). Research data were analyzed using SEM structural equations using Amos software.

 The results showed٫ among all components of time perspective٫ past negative٫ present fatalistic and feelings of psychological cohesion with positive mental disorders٫ and components future٫ present hedonistic and past positive of time perspective and cognitive flexibility with negative mental disorders٫ is significant (P<0.01). Also feeling of psychological cohesion and cognitive flexibility significantly mediates the effect of time perspective on mental disorder (P<0.01). Time perspective٫ sense of psychological cohesion, and cognitive flexibility account for a total of 65% of the variance in psychological distress.

It can be concluded that the structural model of predicting mental disturbance based on time perspective with the mediation of psychological coherence and cognitive flexibility of male and female students is appropriate.

The existing studies indicate that mobile phone phobia and the morbid habits associated with it cause negative and unfavorable physical and psychological consequences for the individual. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the training of order-seeking strategies of the excitement process on cyber-aggression and mobile phone phobia of students.

This was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of all undergraduate and higher students of Gorgan University in the academic year of 2001-2001. Among them, 30 people were selected as a sample of the study according to the available sampling method and according to the criteria for entering and leaving the study and randomly divided into two experimental groups (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were assigned in 10 90-minute sessions (2 sessions per week), the people of the experimental group received the educational program of emotion process regulation strategies as a group; The control group was placed on the waiting list for 2 months. In order to collect data, questionnaires of cyber aggression (Alvarez García et al., 2016) and nomophobia (Yıldırım & Correia, 2015) were used. To analyze the data, univariate and multivariate covariance tests were used.

 The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the average post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the variable of cyber aggression and its components (including impersonation, visual-sexual and verbal aggression) and the variable of Mobile phobia and its components (including loss of comfort and convenience, inability to communicate and loss of communication) were present (P<0.001); However, no significant difference was observed in the component of lack of access to information.

According to the results of this research, it is possible to suggest the teaching of emotional process regulation strategies as an effective intervention to reduce cyber aggression and mobile phone phobia in students.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy based on the communication enrichment program of acceptance and integrated systemic couple therapy on marital commitment and interpersonal motivations of couples affected by extramarital relationships. The current research method is quasi-experimental with a three-group pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of the study included all women affected by extramarital relationships who referred to counseling centers in Babol city in the first nine months of 2019. In order to select a statistical sample using the purposeful sampling method, first 45 people were selected and then they were randomly placed in the first and second test groups and the control group (15 people in each group). The research tools of McCullough et al. (1998) interpersonal motivations related to injury and Adams & Jones (1997) marital commitment scales (2001)  were used. Lev and McKay's (2012) Schema therapy intervention based on acceptance communication enrichment program and Feldman's (1990) integrative systemic couple therapy protoco were implemented in 12 sessions 90-minute as a group for the first and second experimental groups. The data were analyzed by covariance analysis using SPSS22 software at a significance level of 0.05. Statistical findings showed that both therapeutic approaches used were effective in increasing Improving marital commitment and interpersonal motivation (P < 0.05). Schema therapy intervention based on acceptance communication enrichment program was significantly more effective than integrative systemic couple therapy on marital commitment and of women affected by extramarital relationships (P < 0.05). Also, no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of schema therapy based on acceptance communication enrichment program and Feldman's integrative systemic couple therapy on interpersonal motivations(P < 0.05). As a result, counseling centers and family clinics for women affected by extramarital relationships who are exposed to psychological consequences after betrayal can use these two approaches with the priority of counseling and group psychotherapy.

One of the most important forms of conflict between parents and children is their use and presence in social networks. Based on this, the aim of the present study was the sociological analysis of the effect of the Telegram social network on the educational conflicts of parents and children.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the statistical population of the research is the second high school students of Tehran city, a sample size of 391 people was selected by staged cluster method. The required information was obtained using a survey research method based on the conflict pattern with parents "Fine, J. Moreland and Andrew Schaubel" and a researcher-made questionnaire (containing 9 questions related to the independent variable (shape and format, content of the Telegram network) and 13 questions related to the variable. dependent (type and level of conflict) has been collected. The reliability of the whole questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83 and the collected information was analyzed by descriptive and inferential methods with the help of spss and Amos software.

The findings of the research indicate that that the variable form and format of using Telegram with a coefficient (3.856) has the greatest effect on educational conflicts among students, and the content variable of the Telegram social network is in the next order with a coefficient (0.227). Telegram, the variable of the amount of use of Telegram during the day and night with a coefficient (2.08) and among the variables of the Telegram social network content factor, the variable of deleting contacts such as institutions, organizations or centers in Telegram, with a coefficient of (0.142) have the greatest effect on educational conflicts.

According to the other findings of the research, the most important factor in creating conflicts between students and their parents is related to the relationship with the opposite sex with a coefficient of (1.235) and regarding the level of conflict, the most effective factor in conflict resolution is adviceability and mutual respect with a coefficient of (0.185) has been.

Sexual education is one of the important aspects of education that is necessary to pay attention to in the adolescent period, despite significant studies in this field, so far no comprehensive and efficient solutions have been provided to improve the situation of adolescent sexual education. The main goal of this research was to identify the appropriate solutions to reduce the gap between the current and desired sex education in the first year of secondary school, from the teachers' point of view.

The research method is practical in terms of its purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of its nature and method, and the tool for collecting information is a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity of the content of the questionnaire has been checked and confirmed by calculating the Laushe coefficient and the reliability of the questionnaire by testing it and calculating the bisection method. The statistical population of the research was all the teachers and executive staff of the first secondary schools of Hamedan province in 1400, of which 380 people were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling. T and FREDMAN statistical tests were used in the data analysis in the SPSS22 software environment.

15 strategies were identified to improve the status of sex education in schools. Placing content related to sexual education in textbooks makes all schools obliged to present those topics to students and already with educational design, consider various educational elements and comprehensive and efficient education in this have context The participation of parents and teachers in the sexual education of students and the preparation of parents in terms of motivational factors, knowledge and ability in the sexual education of adolescents makes the education more effective in this field. The inclusion of an extra-curricular lesson with the title of "deserving boys and girls" in schools will provide opportunities for education related to sexual education to students jointly at the level of all schools. The attractive title of the lesson makes students more interested in these topics.

Considering that the modesty of a number of students prevents them from asking confidential questions in the field of sexual issues, the use of indirect education tools such as question boxes and non-present communication channels can be effective in the sexual education of students.

In our world, most of the information, data and knowledge is received and stored through the sense of hearing. The current research aimed to know the causal model of psychological well-being of students with hearing impairment based on attachment styles, family emotional atmosphere, social support and the mediating role of hope.

The current research is a descriptive research, of the structural equation modeling type. The statistical population of the current research included children with hearing impairment in secondary schools in Tehran in the academic year 2021. With the help of multi-stage cluster sampling method, 204 students with hearing impairment were selected as the research sample. The data collection tools in this research include: Ryff psychological well-being questionnaire (1989), Hazen and Shaver attachment styles questionnaire (1987), Hillburn's emotional atmosphere questionnaire (1964), Tos Ziman's friend support questionnaire (1988), and Schneider, Harris Anderson's hope questionnaire (1991).

The research results showed that secure, avoidant and ambivalent (anxious) attachment styles directly affect psychological well-being. But indirectly and influenced by the mediating role of hope, they do not affect students' psychological well-being. Also, the emotional atmosphere of the family has a direct and indirect effect on psychological well-being through the hope variable. Friends' social support also, directly and indirectly, affects psychological well-being through the hope variable.

Therefore, it can be concluded that avoidant, secure and ambivalent attachment styles directly affect psychological well-being scores. But they do not play a role in explaining psychological well-being scores through hope. In other words, the hope variable has not been able to play a role in the influence of lifestyles on psychological well-being. Attachment style represents the essential innate needs for social communication among people.

Family is the first and most important social institution, and a healthy society depends on having a healthy couple who strive to achieve their goals with a suitable level of marital satisfaction. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy on coping strategies and internalized shame in nurses with marital conflicts.

The current research method is a quasi-experimental one with a pre-test-post-test design and a one-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all nurses working in Imam Sajjad State Hospital in Ramsar City in 2020. Among these, 30 couples (90 people) were selected by the non-random sampling method available and replaced in the experimental group (emotion-oriented couple therapy) and a control group in a simple random manner (15 couples in each group). Then, 10 sessions of 90 minutes (2 sessions per week) of emotion-oriented couple therapy (Johnson, 2017) were conducted in experimental groups. Data were collected using the internalized shame and coping strategies questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS-24 software and through the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements.

The research results showed that emotion-oriented couple therapy is effective on coping strategies (P<0.001) and internalized shame (P<0.001) in nurses with marital conflicts.

Considering the effectiveness of emotion-oriented couple therapy in nurses with marital conflicts, it is suggested that therapists use this therapeutic and educational approach