نشریه مطالعات اندیشه معاصر مسلمین
پیاپی 16 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The discourse of good governance has been raised by international organizations and institutions and some Western thinkers and theorists since several decades ago. According to the initial design of this topic in the West and based on the previous ideas of thinkers such as: Seyyed Javad Tabatabai based on the decline and decay of philosophy and political thought in Iran after Ibn Sina and Seyyed Ahmad Tabatabai indicating the conflict between international documents and Islamic concepts, this theory has been published, Considering the decline and conflict of philosophy and political thought in Iran, in order to study and research in the field of good governance, Iranian and Islamic sources should be looked at with suspicion and the issue should be addressed by referring to the published western literature. In this research, with the aim of validating the mentioned theories by taking library records and using the descriptive and analytical method, referring to the opinions of the founders of philosophy and political thought in post-Islamic Iran, Farabi and the position of Supreme Leader (Madazleh) in the position of the leader of the revolution. Islamic Iran, we are looking for an answer to this question that Considering the western elements and features, has there been a discussion about good governance in the opinion of Farabi and the Supreme Leader? With the conducted studies, we came to the proposition that the two-dimensional epistemological, ontological and anthropological foundations of philosophy and political thought in Iran are not only western, including the one-dimensional theories of today, but philosophy and political thought in Iran have not gone through the decline curve and are contradictory. It doesn't have either, and it's from the western one-dimensional theories.

In the last half century, the idea of ​​religious science has been discussed in the scientific community, not only in the Islamic world, but even in other religions. Researchers have investigated it from many different dimensions and discussed the possibility or refusal of this idea. Alireza Shojaei Zand is one of the researchers who has criticized this idea in various works, especially in the article »Intra-discourse Critiques of the Idea of Religious Science«. In this article, after presenting his arguments in criticizing the idea of ​​religious science, some considerations related to it are raised. Finally, it is shown that none of these arguments can negate the possibility or desirability of the idea of ​​religious science in a general sense, and their criticisms are only related to a specific view of the idea of ​​religious science

The subject of the present research is a comparative study of the approach of Allameh Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb in issues related to women's rights. In recent centuries, women's issues and rights have become one of the most important social issues.changes that have occurred in all areas of human life, women's rights in Islam have also been subjected to criticism and new challenges. In the face of these criticisms and challenges, Muslim thinkers and intellectuals from different currents have tried to respond. Allameh Fazlullah and Seyyed Qutb are among the contemporary Shia and Sunnah commentators, both of them with the idea of ​​returning to the Qur'an and paying attention to the fact that the most important cause of distress and degeneration of social societies is staying away from the Qur'an and the cure for social pains and its healing is to return to the Qur'an. And the biography of the Prophet (PBUH) knows that they have dealt with this issue. This article has analyzed and examined "women's rights" including social activities, government and inheritance in the works of both thinkers with documentary and library methods. According to both thinkers, Islam has the same view of men and women in terms of humanity and spiritual dimension and there is no difference, but regarding the powers of Allamah, he does not make any difference between men and women and considers exceptional cases to be special cases that cause Yes, but Seyyed Qutb, emphasizing the principle of equality between men and women, considers the difference in responsibilities to be due to the difference in talents, which does not conflict with justice and equality.

The thoughts of the contemporary French philosopher, Paul Ricoeur, which was formed in the context of philosophical hermeneutics and hermeneutic phenomenology, have a significant and reflective position among the scholars of this science. In the tradition of popular interpretation, the correct understanding and interpretation is the interpretation that has the most compliance with what the theologian intended, but Ricoeur considers the criterion of valid interpretation to be not the correspondence with the intended meaning of the author, which is more likely. He introduces this criterion provided by "mental probability logic". In explaining the correct interpretation of the text, he considers the two principles of "harmony and compatibility" and "completeness" to be essential in the interpretation. The present article seeks to examine the possibility of proposing these criteria regarding Sharia texts, considering their characteristics, with a descriptive-analytical approach and by collecting information in a library and document method. It seems that the "logic of possibilities" and the "principle of coherence and compatibility and the principle of completeness" can be used among the criteria mentioned in Shari'i texts.

The subject of the current research is to examine the opinions of stream scholars regarding the factors of the emergence of the Qur'anic stream in the last two centuries. This research is theoretical and with a descriptive-analytical approach. The purpose of this research is to know the opinions and thoughts of researchers in order to discover the most important factors in the emergence of Quranic texts. It means the factors of emergence, background factors such as colonialism, orientalism and civilizational encounter; And motivating factors such as freedom from colonial rule, answers to doubts and exit from civilizational decline. The fundamental question of this research is that what factors have been effective in the emergence of contemporary Sunni Qur'anists in the last two centuries? Are these factors imposed from outside the Islamic world? Or are there internal factors that have caused the emergence of this movement? ? One of the findings of this research is that the effective factors can be separated into two categories; Background factors that are imposed outside the Islamic world and motivational factors that are affected by background factors.

With the advent and development of Humanism in the West, human societies have increasingly moved away from religious values, and this has led to the reduction of religion domains. In this regard, Sayyid Aḥmad Khān Hindī imitated the West and for the first time in the Islamic world suggested the reduction of the doctrinal domains of religion. Relying on his Mu‘tazila roots,  he only acknowledges the general principles of monotheism, prophethood, and resurrection, and does not believe in the details of these principles that are provided in the Qur’ān and sunna. As Sayyid Aḥmad Khān’s views have led to some challenges in the Islamic scientific circles, especially the scientific community of Iran, the article at hand aims to analyze and criticize his views using a descriptive-analytical approach and intra-religious and inter-religious methods. Based on the analyses made, his viewpoints can be examined in five directions: allegorical nature of Adam’s (a) story and its elements such as angels and Devil; susceptibility of prophets to making mistakes in ordinary issues and personal viewpoints, especially in relation to social issues; consideration of intellectual and experiential bases for revelations that were made onto prophets; consideration of prophets’ miracles as normal acts; and consideration of Paradise and Hell as incomprehensible.

One of the issues raised in the fields of knowledge is human personality. Personality consists of special thought, emotional and behavioral patterns that distinguish each person from other people. These patterns are gradually formed from a set of important interconnected points of the findings, over time, and there are many and various factors in their formation, without examining them, it is meaningless and incomprehensible to talk about the characters. This research is done to investigate the process of personality formation and the factors affecting it in the thought of Martyr Motahari and introduce the ideal personality in his theory. For this purpose, all available sources and references related to his educational opinions have been descriptively examined and the resulting data have been classified and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The findings of the research indicate that, in general, the dimensions of human personality in his thought include two dimensions the inner personality of a person and the outward appearance of the personality. In the formation of these two dimensions, the course of human existence, the external influence of some factors, and the internal initiation of the human itself are influential.

Science and religion as two sources of human knowledge have always been present together in human life. Before the new era, there is no particular conflict between these two; However, since science found a new definition in the West and started a special confrontation with religion, the conflict between science and religion was opened. In the meantime, some were in favor of the independence of the two, some believed in conflict, and some were inclined to Complete and overlap. Taha Abdurrahman, a contemporary Muslim philosopher and thinker, also relies on his own foundations to provide a theory on the relationship between science and religion. The adoption of ontology and certain intellectual foundations leads him to a relationship between science and religion, which is the subject of this article. This article examines and evaluates the question of the dimensions of this theory and the relationship between the two from Abdur Rahman's point of view with the documentary analytical method. By distinguishing between divine science and human science, Taha Abdurrahman places religion and revealed knowledge in a special place and in order to create harmony between science and religion, he considers the role of context and intellectual context of the scientist to be involved in this process.

George Homans' perspective as a sociologist is categorized in the micro-approaches of sociology.He explains social phenomena objectively And Paying attention to the individual and explanation based on individual interest is the main issue in Homans' approachRational choice theory, social behaviorism and Skinner as a scientist are among the influencers in the formation of Homans' social exchange theory.He believes that the general rules of sociology are ineffective in explaining behavior.For this reason, he believes in the objective explanation of behavior.by objective explanation he means the daily and basic behavior of people in life, which is unmediated and immediately ends in reward. Homans criticizes structuralists for believing in the use of organizations and institutions in maintaining society. After Homans, Peter Blau fundamentally changed the exchange theory and moved it towards accepting social realities and analyzing social institutions and organizations.With help from fundamental analysis method, which is based on Islamic wisdom, it is clear that Homans' method is materialistic in existential discussion and positivist and empiricist in epistemology.

Islamism discourse of the Taliban , by reading different from Islam and tradition in the late years, has attempted to impose its semantic system as the regime of truth on political and social actors in Afghanistan and emerging a new world of discourse system . This stream of identity is established by the definition of sharia from the perspective of Islam, but its intellectual nature and political ideology have many ambiguities. The present article attempts to investigate the question of what are the principles and principles of the Taliban’s thinking and how far the policies of this current are influenced by their ethnic beliefs? “With this aim, the foundations of epistemology and the methodology of the Taliban are analyzed in the form of theoretical framework of laclau and mouffe 's discourse analysis . This issue has been explained using descriptive - analytical method by referring to written sources while the supremacy of ethnic actions and religious norms on the religious policies of the Taliban assumed. The statistical data and the results show that the Taliban in the cover of Islamism discourse are seeking ethnic hegemony and Pashtun’s the country.

One of the phenomena that can be seen throughout the history of Islam is the phenomenon of Takfir(Excommunication). From the Khawarij in the first century A.H to people like Ibn Taymiyyah and later Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab to movements like Al-Qaeda and ISIS under the title of Salafi and Takfiri groups, despite the fact that they appeared at different times, it seems that commonalities and similarities between their beliefs and actions can be Found. These commonalities are the subject of discussion in this article and the goal is to examine and extract the similarities and commonalities between these movements using a library findings including a review of existing historical and verbal reports and documents. What is obtained from the comparison of these two groups and the examination of sources and documents is that these two are similar and agree in beliefs such as formalism, rejection of esoteric interpretation(ta'wil), taqiyyah(Precautionary Dissimulation), recourse and calling them polytheism and excommunication of other Muslims, which is caused by rigidity, petrification and misunderstanding and its roots go back to ignorance and incomplete understanding of religion and perhaps some satanic soul faculties.

The discourse of good governance has been raised by international organizations and institutions and some Western thinkers and theorists since several decades ago. According to the initial design of this topic in the West and based on the previous ideas of thinkers such as: Seyyed Javad Tabatabai based on the decline and decay of philosophy and political thought in Iran after Ibn Sina and Seyyed Ahmad Tabatabai indicating the conflict between international documents and Islamic concepts, this theory has been published, Considering the decline and conflict of philosophy and political thought in Iran, in order to study and research in the field of good governance, Iranian and Islamic sources should be looked at with suspicion and the issue should be addressed by referring to the published western literature. In this research, with the aim of validating the mentioned theories by taking library records and using the descriptive and analytical method, referring to the opinions of the founders of philosophy and political thought in post-Islamic Iran, Farabi and the position of Supreme Leader (Madazleh) in the position of the leader of the revolution. Islamic Iran, we are looking for an answer to this question that Considering the western elements and features, has there been a discussion about good governance in the opinion of Farabi and the Supreme Leader? With the conducted studies, we came to the proposition that the two-dimensional epistemological, ontological and anthropological foundations of philosophy and political thought in Iran are not only western, including the one-dimensional theories of today, but philosophy and political thought in Iran have not gone through the decline curve and are contradictory. It doesn't have either, and it's from the western one-dimensional theories.