مجله زبان و ادبیات عربی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 30، پاییز 1401)

The effort of poets to present a magnificent literary text, both in terms of language and content, is valuable. Many poets, using a variety of aesthetic methods, have differentiated their poetic language and thus have left the greatest impact on the audience. Mohammad Mehdi Javaheri is one of the poets whose poems are of great importance both in terms of content and structure.Although he has used most of his poems in the service of the political and social purposes of the homeland; but he did not neglect the formal beauties of the text. But the question is, what tricks has Javaheri used to highlight and perpetuate his poems? The present study has tried to provide evidence of lexical, syntactic abnormalities in the poem “Atbeg Doja"" based on the theory of de-familiarization and analytical-descriptive method. Jawaheri’s innate desire to use his aesthetic style and sensitivity in choosing words is an important factor in his poetic style. With his skill, he establishes coherence between the word and the content, and finally between all the components of the sentence, and finally, he presents a melodic poem in a beautiful style to the reader. The results show that a variety of linguistic techniques including phonetic, lexical and syntactic de-familiarity can be seen in this poem. The results show that many factors such as the rich culture of Jawaheri, his mastery of Qur'anic and religious texts, his familiarity with ancient literature and study of the works of the past and his extensive vocabulary allowed him to use techniques such as vocabulary, use the methods of repetition, presentation and delay, making new compositions, in order to highlight and differentiate his poetic language. By presenting such a style,

Among the many ways of attitude to existence and its interpretation, Expressionism must be considered a unique approach. This method, which is non-imitative in nature, does not describe events as they seem. The writers and artists of this school present the superficial forms of events in their minds and offer them like dream interpreter ؛An exciting stream that opposes and pushes against predefined structures. This approach, with its vast capacities, has provided a very good opportunity to show the world inside and outside of human beings. In the meantime, one of the figures who have left poems in line with the principles of this school in the field of poetry is Aisha Arnaout (born 1946), a Syrian-Albanian writer and poet. His poems in two sections of form and content have provided outstanding manifestations of abstract literature. Hence, this article tries to study in a descriptive-analytical way, the linguistic and content constructions of the poems of this contemporary Arabic poet based on the components of expressionism. Among the results of this research, we should mention features such as:"suspension and waiting", "heterogeneous rhythm and beat" and "interrupted metaphors" in the field of language, as well as themes such as "grotesque","lost identity" and "mental-emotional ejection" which had a high frequency in Arnaout's poems.Among the results of this research, we should mention features such as:"suspension and waiting", "heterogeneous rhythm and beat" and "interrupted metaphors" in the field of language, as well as themes such as "grotesque","lost identity" and "mental-emotional ejection" which had a high frequency in Arnaout's poems.

One of the most common concepts of the capitalist society is the "problematic hero" whose lifespan does not exceed a century. This concept was first proposed by the Hungarian critic Georg Lukács in the 20th century and continued by the Romanian critic Lucien Goldmann. According to them, the mutual relationship between literary and social structure has made literature a means of responding to social issues. In the realistic novels of capitalist societies, some people's adherence to real principles has made them problematic. The hero of this type of novels, who is often from the general public, is marginalized by criticizing the society that lacks true values.The purpose of this article, which was written with a descriptive-analytical method, is to analyze the mentioned novel from a sociological point of view, relying on the concept of "problematic hero" and comparing it with Lucien Goldman's opinions. Since the aforementioned novel has deep sociological layers and by analyzing them, a better critique of the Kuwaiti society can be achieved, the necessity of conducting such a research becomes more apparent.The result of this research indicates that Muhammad, as a problematic hero, adheres to real ideals such as trying to correct social corruption, reviving true values, respecting the opinions of opponents and standing against the conspiracies of enemies.And he is in conflict with the implicit values of the society, such as seeking power, and he does not have the ability to solve this conflict, and he is placed on the margins of society in a way, and finally, this conflict results in his removal from society with death.

Abbas Mahmoud Akhad is one of the leaders of the school of Romanticism in Egypt, relying on the principles of Romanticism and the use of natural phenomena, has depicted events and events that had many negative effects on her personal and social life. This research with a descriptive-analytical approach, examines the elements that Akhad has used to express its pessimistic views in this field, along with their causes. The results show that factors such as the failure of love, the arrival of old age, the death of loved ones and the unfurtunate events that occurred for the land of Akhad led to the emergence of pessimism in his poems. The poet's bitter experiences in the context of the world of love and romance have caused her to express her inner feelings by taking refuge in nature and its manifestations. Having spent the bitter days of her youth, she likens her ruined life to a tree that withers its green leaves, a sign of life, hope and youth. He sees oppression as pervasive; But because he finds himself powerless against it, he expresses his thoughts by composing glorious poems, but it is an ointment for his pains. The dominance of the pessimistic view over the idea of belief has led to calling an element such as soil, which is a symbol for the protection of the homeland, oppression, which cruelly leads young people to the brink of death. The use of natural phenomena such as spring, sun, moon, stars, desert, soil, birds, etc. is a characteristic feature of those poems of this poet that are dominated by pessimism.

The common and common patterns of emotional relationships and attachment between people have been reflected in realistic stories, and the skill of the writers in presenting these patterns has made their writings more attractive and believable. Leila Baalbaki and Zoya Pirzad are contemporary realist writers of Lebanese and Iranian literature, and dealing with emotional issues and relationships (women) is one of their prominent intellectual features. Many psychologists have tried to explain love and emotional relationships. Robert Sternberg is one of these psychologists who explained the reasons for the durability or breakup of relationships between men and women in the form of the love triangle theory. He considers love as a pyramid that has three pillars: "intimacy", "lust" and "commitment". From the combination of these three pillars, different types of love are formed. The authors of this article try to analyze the category of love and emotional relationships between men and women in a descriptive-analytical way, relying on the theory of Sternberg's love triangle in the two novels "Anna Ahia" and "Adat MiKonim" by these two authors. Review. The result of this article indicates that the cause and effect structure in the emotional connections of these stories is in harmony with Sternberg's pyramid of love theory and the existence of three pillars of love has caused different loves in these two novels. Considering the social conditions in which he has lived, Baalbaki has not been able to create a balance between the pillars of love; He has described more limited romantic relationships, and the lack of an example of ideal love shows his negative view of male-female relationships and the strong patriarchy ruling his society. But Pirzad has a positive view on the subject of love and ideal love has a high frequency in his story compared to other loves.

The image, which is one of the four pillars of poetry in literary criticism, is a linguistic structure that the poet uses it to visualize his abstract thoughts and complex modes.This concept plays a prominent role in the resurrection of the word, both in the old literary criticism, which considers imaginary forms as an essential element in its formation, and in the new literary criticism, which includes all means of expression and breaking the linguistic norms. Mohmmad Al-Qaisi has spent his entire life in exile and he has always imaged the sorrow of Palestine through the suffering and exile and displacement.According to the investigation, the bitter experience of Qaisi’s life made sorrow as a steady and unseparable element in Qaisi’s poetry. As a result of enduring song of sorrow in his poems,he was named “sorrow full poet” Considering that the issue of Palestine is reflected as a central social issue in Arab literary works, image analysis plays an essential role in the representation of the issue of Palestine.On the other hand, sadness is one of the important trends in contemporary Arabic poetry so the representation of sorrow in the Qaisi’s poetry is an issue on which study by descriptive and analytical and Semiotics and statistical analysis approach in this research to discovering and decoding how represent the suffering and sorrow of Palestine as a part of the Islamic world,in Qaisi's poetry,the resistance poet of Palestine.The results suggest that Qaisi use the technique of metaphor and simile in visualizing his sad experience.he presents two different and contradictory images of sorrow that have a same origin. This conflict in the representation of sorrow indicates that the poet suffers from a kind of internal conflict In his poetic experience that arises from the conflict between the ideal and the reality of the poet.