مجله علوم حرکتی و رفتاری
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 15، زمستان 1400)

Sports clubs, like other legal entities, have rights and obligations, and failure to do so, whether contractual or legal, may result in civil or disciplinary liability for the clubs, as the case may be. The legal relationship of sports clubs with the relevant athletes and coaches is based on the labor-employer relationship and is subject to the labor law, except in special cases such as the bylaws and sections of the relevant federations. Clubs have a liability on behalf of third parties, including athletes and spectators, to the damages incurred by the relevant athletes and coaches. The basis of civil liability of sports clubs in the Iranian legal system is based on the presumption of fault. The most important duty of sports clubs is to comply with the safety obligations of the club, the non-observance of which leads to civil or disciplinary liability of the relevant club.Therefore, the liability of sports institutions for damages resulting from their activities is subject to Article 12 of the Civil Liability Law and of the type of proxy liability.

This research was conducted to study the effect of parents' behaviors on the development of life skills and enjoyment of physical activity of adolescent football players in Gonbad Kavous football schools.

The research method is descriptive-correlational and its statistical population included all adolescent football players aged 16 to 18 years old boys football schools in Gonbad Kavous in 1398 in the number of 247 people. 151 adolescent soccer players were selected by stratified random sampling as a statistical sample. To collect research data, Wuerth et al.'s (2014) Parental Behavior Questionnaire, Cronin and Allen's (2017) Life Skills Development Questionnaire, and Moore et al.'s (2009) Physical Activity enjoyment Questionnaire were used. Two methods of descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the effect of parental guidance behavior on teamwork, goal setting, social skills development and enjoyment of physical activity of adolescent football players in football schools is positive and significant. Also, the effect of parents' supportive behavior on teamwork and goal setting of adolescent football players was positive. Finally, the results showed that the effect of parental supportive behavior on the development of social skills and enjoyment of physical activity of adolescent footballers is not significant.

According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that parental guidance and supportive behaviors can develop the life skills of adolescent boys and increase their enjoyment of physical activity such as football.

Goal:

 This study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic exercises and music on the level of stress and anxiety of sportsmen.

The study is an applied study in terms of goal and semi-experimental administration. The statistical population consists of al Futsal athletes in various sports matches held by Tehran’s Islamic Azad University in 2019. The sample was selected via the convenience sampling method. Thus, the number of 30 sportsmen were randomly placed in an experimental and a control group, with each involving 15 people. The scales used in the study consist of Cohen’s Stress Perception Questionnaire (1982) and Smith et al.’s Sports Anxiety Questionnaire (1990). The administered protocol also included aerobic exercises and music held in twelve 60-minute sessions (three sessions per week). Data are analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) using Covariance analysis.

Covariance analysis suggests a significant difference between the mean posttest scores of the experimental and the control groups after controlling for the initial differences of the pretest of stress and anxiety (P>0.001).

The findings revealed that music-based aerobic exercises could be used to reduce sportsmen’s stress and anxiety in sports fields such as futsal.

The main of this study was to in vestigate the effect of my three weeks of HTT exercise on lactate peak time and also Vo2max adolescent girls were in active which are randomly divided into 2 practice groups (8 people) and control group (8 people) were divided. The present study is a cross- sectional (8 people) were divided. The present study is a cross- sectional experimental study which was performed in the whit pre-and post test design. Befor and after the exercise program, the subjects of both groups performed an incremental test to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. The control group had no activity but the experimental group tested the anerobic speed as (RAST) the protocol performed four sessions per week for lactate peak times. Blood lactate at pre – test times and at zerominutes of (recovery start) 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15 measured with alactometer. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA statis tical test. The ANOVA test showed that 3 weeks of HIT exercise was the peak time of blood lactate and Vo2max increased significantly.

aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Kegel exercises on pain and quality of life in girls aged 18 to 25 years with primary dysmenorrhea.In the present quasi-experimental study 40 single girls in Bandar Abbas referred to the clinic were selected sampling and availability and divided randomly into two groups; one experimental group and one control group .The experimental group received the treatment (Kegel exercises for 10-15 minutes, three times a week) for 12 weeks, but the control group received no treatment .VAS was measured and rate pain and rate of Quality-of-Life was recorded. All of the above variables were measured both before and after the treatment.The data were analyzed through Analysis of Covariance at the significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that there was a significant improvement on the scores obtained from the measuring pain scores and pain intensity scores of the experimental group after 12 weeks of receiving therapeutic exercises (P=0.001), whereas no such significant improvement was observed in the control group. The results also suggest a significant difference in the Quality-of-Life scores of the experimental group after receiving the treatment(P=0.001), but there was no such significant difference in the control group. Considering the results of the current study, it seems that the selected Kegel exercises can reduce the severity and duration of primary dysmenorrhea pain, Therefore, Kegel exercise may be effective in treating primary dysmenorrhea and improving the quality of life of these individuals.

The present study investigated the relationship between identity base and personality traits with moral education of second grade elementary students in Delfan city. To investigate this relationship, a descriptive research design has been used. The study population was preschool students and educators. The tests were performed on a sample of 120 people. The identity database was measured by the objective extended test of the identity-review second database and each of the subjects was placed in one of the access, suspension, obstruction and dispersion databases. Personality traits were measured by 16-factor Cattell personality test and subjects in each of Cattell factors were divided into two groups: high (scores 8-9-10) and low groups (scores 3-2-1). The results of data analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between some personality traits and identity bases with moral education and individuals in the upper and lower groups of Cattell personality factors showed a significant difference in the scores of identity bases. In this study, a significant relationship was also found between identity databases and variables of birth order, marital status and field of study of educators.

This research aimed to analyze the effect of e-marketing on the satisfaction and purchase intention of sports store customers. The current research method was a descriptive survey type and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research was the customers of sports stores. The sampling of the present study was done randomly and according to the unlimited population of subjects, 384 people were selected as a statistical sample based on Morgan's table. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on e-marketing, customer satisfaction, and customer purchase intention. 12 sports management professors confirmed the validity of the questionnaires and their reliability was obtained through Cronbach's alpha coefficient test as 0.84, 0.82, and 0.86 respectively. Descriptive statistics methods were used to determine the mean, standard deviation, frequencies, percentages, and inferential statistical methods used in this research for confirmatory factor analysis of questionnaires and research modeling. The results of the study showed that electronic marketing uses various tools and techniques to provide the best possible experience for the customers of sports stores, based on this, electronic marketing has a positive effect on the satisfaction and purchase intention of customers of sports stores and increases the satisfaction of customers from sports stores. It can be done by providing customer-oriented services, ensuring product quality, fast shipping, and creating a positive shopping experience for sports store products and services.