Journal of adolescent and youth psychological studies
Volume:4 Issue: 2, 2023

Divorce is one of the most important family traumas that can have vulnerable effects on the individual and the society. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on experiential avoidance and emotional expression of women involved in emotional divorce.

The current research method was conducted as a semi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design along with a control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population included all the women eligible for emotional divorce in Tehran who referred to the Atiyeh Psychology Clinic in 2022, from which 30 people were selected as available and randomly selected and in the experimental group (15 people) and witnesses (15 people) were replaced. The data were collected using Barati and Sanai's Marital Conflicts Questionnaire (1999), Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (2008), Bund et al.'s Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (2007) and King and Emmons' Emotional Expression Questionnaire (1990) in the early stages. The test, post-test and follow-up have been obtained. Cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol was performed in 8 sessions (one session per week) for 90 minutes. To analyze the results, repeated measurement variance analysis method and SPSS.22 software were used.

The results indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy was effective in reducing experiential avoidance and emotional expression of women involved in emotional divorce, and this effect was permanent until the follow-up period.

It can be concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective on experiential avoidance and emotional expression of women involved in emotional divorce and this treatment can be used to reduce the problems of women involved in emotional divorce.

Examining the psychological problems of children and adolescents has always been one of the main concerns of psychologists. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling children's behavioral problems based on attachment styles with the mediation of parent-child relationship.

In a cross-sectional study in the form of a correlational design, all mothers of primary school students with behavioral problems in Karaj city were selected using a simple random sampling method from the list of names of students diagnosed with behavioral problems. After obtaining informed consent, the research data were used with the help of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - Achenbach and Rescular (2001), the attachment styles questionnaire (1987) and the Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (2015). In order to check the assumptions of the statistical tests and test the hypotheses of the research, using the SmartPLS software, the identified paths of the research have been investigated according to the conceptual model. Version 3.3 of SmartPLS software was used to compile the confirmatory factor analysis model and structural equations, and SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics. Path analysis has also been used to determine direct and indirect coefficients.

The results obtained from the bootstrap method and the Sobel test both show that the indirect effect of attachment styles on children's behavioral problems due to the parent-child relationship is -0.142, and the value of the Sobel statistic is at the 95% confidence level. It is significant (P>0.001, Sobel=3.56). As a result, attachment styles have a significant effect on children's behavioral problems due to the mediating role of parent-child relationship. The negative value of beta (-0.142) shows the negativity and oppositeness of this effect.

It can be concluded that attachment styles are effective in creating behavioral problems in children by mediating parent-child relationship, which can be used in the prevention program while removing clinical implications.

Perseverance is related to many personality, behavioral and educational variables, and hence the need for a questionnaire in Persian language to measure perseverance is felt. This research was conducted with the aim of standardizing and examining the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Persistence Questionnaire.

The current research is practical in terms of purpose. In terms of the type of survey data collection and in terms of methodology, it is considered as a test-making study, which has been carried out in the general format of a descriptive research project. The statistical population in this research included all managers and employees of non-governmental organizations in Tehran in 1401. The research sample included 865 managers and employees who were selected by cluster method. The data was collected using Duckworth (2008) perseverance questionnaire. In this research, correlation methods, goodness of fit study, factor analysis and reliability analysis (Cronbach's alpha method) were used. Data were analyzed using LISREL 8.80 and SPSS.22 software.

Based on the data analysis, the current research identified 2 factors (interest and effort) that explain 60.92% of the persistence variable. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the fit indices of the model are in a favorable condition. In addition, Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the subscales was calculated between 0.74 and 0.82.

According to the appropriate statistical analyzes and the results, it seems that the Persian version of the persistence questionnaire (Grit-S) has good validity and reliability and can be considered an efficient tool in this field.

Natural and human traumatic events have always had destructive physical, economic, social and of course psychological effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of quality of life components with the mediation of psychological capital in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder among earthquake victims in Kermanshah.

The research method was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all earthquake victims of the recent Kermanshah earthquake. The number of sample people was 386 people who were affected by the earthquake, who were selected according to the criteria of entering and exiting the research and being available. The research tools included Mississippi PTSD Citizenship Scale (1988), World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996) and McGee Psychological Capital Questionnaire (2011). The collected data were analyzed by structural equation modeling method and using AMOS software.

The results of data analysis showed that the prediction model of spiritual health based on resilience, mindfulness and personal values, taking into account the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation based on experimental data, has a favorable fit. Also, the direct and indirect effects of personal values, resilience and mindfulness on spiritual health were confirmed (p<0.05). Also, the cognitive regulation of emotion directly affects the spiritual health of artists (p<0.05).

It can be concluded that the quality of life components were effective in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder among the earthquake victims of Kermanshah through the mediation of psychological capital.

Depression has been identified as the third leading cause of non-fatal global health loss in 2017, affecting more than 300 million people worldwide. The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and combining metacognitive therapy with an evolutionary psychotherapy approach in reducing depression symptoms.

The data collection method is semi-experimental with pre-test-post-test and control group with two-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research includes women with depression. In the first stage, 45 women with depression were selected as the statistical sample of the study based on the available sampling method, and in the next stage, they were divided into three groups through a simple random sampling method. Metacognitive therapy (15 people), combining metacognitive therapy with evolutionary psychotherapy (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were included, and Beck's depression questionnaires (1961) were completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up.

The results of the research showed that there was a significant difference between the depression scores in the two groups of metacognitive therapy and the combination of metacognition and developmental therapy, which was in favor of the group of metacognition and developmental therapy (p<0.05). The results also showed that there was a significant difference in depression scores between metacognitive therapy and the control group, which was in favor of the metacognitive therapy group (p<0.01). There was a significant difference in depression between the metacognitive integration and evolutionary therapy group and the control group (p<0.01). Finally, the results showed that metacognition therapy was effective in depression scores (p<0.01) and the combination of metacognition with evolutionary therapy was effective in depression scores (p<0.01).

It can be concluded that metacognition therapy and the combination of metacognition with evolutionary therapy were effective in reducing the symptoms of depression. Also, the combination of metacognition and evolutionary therapy was more effective in reducing depression symptoms than metacognitive therapy.

Anxiety disorders have significant negative effects on academic performance, relationships with peers and family functioning of children. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder.

The present study was an applied and quasi-experimental design of pre-test-post-test and follow-up with control group. The statistical population of this study included all children (girls and boys) with separation anxiety disorder in Sari during the first six months of 2021. The sample consisted of 30 patients referred to Bamdad Counseling Center and Bauer Counseling Center who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy and control group were placed on the waiting list. Data were obtained using strauss parent-child conflict questionnaire (1990), Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (1997). Data were analyzed using repeated variance analysis and SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of cognitive-behavioral therapy and parent-child interaction therapy on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder (F= 14.09, P>0.001) and parent-child interaction therapy had a greater impact on parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder (P<0.001).

Therefore, it can be concluded that parent-child interaction therapy can be an effective intervention method for improving parent-child conflict in children with separation anxiety disorder.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of personality traits on cheating behavior with the mediating role of goal orientation. The research method was descriptive-correlational in terms of the applied purpose, and quantitative in terms of data type. The statistical population of the research was the psychology students of the Islamic Azad University, North Tehran branch, and 217 people were selected as the sample size by using the calculation of the sample size in structural equations and the quota non-random sampling method. In order to collect data, the standard questionnaires of Wendy Will and McGregor's goal orientation (2001), Hexaco's personality dimensions questionnaire (2004) and Yazdani's academic cheating questionnaire (2016) were used. In this research, in order to calculate validity, content and construct validity were used, and in order to calculate reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient were used, and the results indicated the validity and reliability of the research questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out in two sections of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential (structural equation modeling) through Spss-21 and LISREL-v8.80 software. The findings showed that personality traits include honesty-humility (0.66), excitability (0.60), extroversion (0.51), agreeableness (0.46), conscientiousness (0.42) and openness to experience (0.63) on goal orientation; Personality traits include honesty-humility (0.58), excitability (0.66), extroversion (0.63), pleasantness (0.55), conscientiousness (0.66) and openness to experience (49. 0) has an effect on cheating behavior and goal orientation (0.50) on cheating behavior; Also, the influence of personality traits including honesty-humility, excitability, extroversion, pleasantness, conscientiousness and openness to experience on cheating behavior through goal orientation, respectively 0.91, 0.96, 0.88, 0.78, 0.87 and 0.80. Finally, the findings showed that the research model has a good fit.

This research aimed to investigate the degree of adaptation of media formats and artistic aspects of Roshd Nojavan magazine to the media needs and interests of first-year high school students. This study is exploratory research in which a qualitative method (content analysis) and a survey (survey of students) were used. The sample in the qualitative part included nine issues of Roshd Nojavan Magazine published during the three years of 2020, 2021, and 2022, and the quantitative was  708 high school students. The research tools were content Checklist forms and semi-structured questionnaires. The reliability of the checklist forms and the questionnaire were 0.8 and  0.7 respectively. To analyze the data, coding of the texts with an inductive approach was used in the qualitative part, and descriptive statistics,  one-sample chi-square test, and the Farid Mann test were used in the quantitative part. In general, the results show that in terms of media formats, the magazine, in the formats of articles, entertainment, humor, and comic strips and headlines were completely in accord with the needs of students, in the formats of reports and notes, there was relative compliance, but in the format of interviews, the performance of the magazine was weak. And it is far from what students expect. From the artistic and aesthetic aspects of the magazine, the three indicators: letter size, the visualization of the magazine, and the color of the photos, do not fully comply with the needs and interests of the students, and adaptation of the students' need with the size of the photos is average.

Addiction means acquiring a habit and getting used to it, and it happens in such a way that quitting and giving up causes disruption in the overall functioning of the person, which is accompanied by physical, mental and behavioral discomfort. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the model of desire for addiction treatment based on the memory of addiction and the desire to use with the mediation of self-control in substance dependent people seeking to quit.

The current research method was a correlational and predictive description. The statistical population of this study included substance dependent people who referred to addiction treatment clinics in Babol city in a period of four months. 209 participants were selected as a sample using a purposive sampling method and answered the questions of Chen et al.'s addiction memory intensity scale (2018), Tanjeni et al.'s (2004) self-control scale, stages of readiness for change and enthusiasm for change. Miller and Tunigan (1997) Addiction Treatment and Somoza et al. (1995) substance abuse scale responded. Data analysis was done using structural equation modeling method and Lisrel software.

The results showed that the memory of addiction has a direct role in the desire for treatment (p<0.01, β=0.31); Addiction memory has a direct role in self-control (p<0.01, β=0.59); The desire to use has a direct role in the desire for treatment (p<0.01, β=0.39); Desire to use has a direct role in self-control (p<0.01, β=0.73); Self-control has a direct role in desire for treatment (p<0.01, β=0.79); Addiction memory plays an indirect role in desire for treatment with self-control mediation (p<0.01, β=0.47) and the desire to use has an indirect role in desire for treatment with self-control mediation (p<0.01, β=0.58).

It can be concluded that the model of desire for addiction treatment based on the memory of addiction and the desire to use with the mediation of self-control is suitable for drug addicts seeking to quit.

The present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of the educational package based on motivational interview, therapy based on acceptance and commitment and therapy focused on compassion on tolerance of failure and health anxiety in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The current research was a semi-experimental research design with a control group, pre-test, post-test and follow-up. 40 women with MS referred to the Tehran MS Association in 2018 were selected by purposive sampling and divided into two experimental and control groups through random replacement (20 people in each group). The data were obtained using demographic information questionnaire, failure tolerance questionnaire and health anxiety questionnaire of MS patients. The data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements and Benferoni's post hoc test.

The results of the present study showed that there was no significant difference between the average variables examined in the pre-test stage between the two groups, that the training package based on motivational interview, treatment based on acceptance and commitment and treatment focused on compassion on tolerance of failure (F= 8327.20, P<0.001) and health anxiety (F=7816, P<0.001) were effective in patients with multiple sclerosis.

The results of this research showed that the educational package based on motivational interviewing, therapy based on acceptance and commitment, and therapy focused on compassion can be effective in improving the tolerance of failure and health anxiety in female patients with MS.

Drug addiction is one of the most important problems of the present era, which has gained a global scope, has gone beyond the boundaries of health and treatment, and has turned into a social and family problem. Addiction, in most cases, causes a person to be isolated from society. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the resilience components of the identity of recovered addicts in resocialization: the case study of referrals in addiction recovery centers in districts 4, 6 and 22 of Tehran).

The current research was a descriptive survey research in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection. The method of conducting this study (post-event) as well as this study was in the scope of quantitative research. In the present study, the population included all people who recovered from addiction in rehabilitation centers in Tehran's 4th, 6th, and 22nd districts. The method of selecting samples randomly was simple. Among the 2580 people who referred to these centers, 388 people were selected randomly and with a probability proportional to the volume of the center's clients. For this, a list of centers and the number of its clients was prepared, and 11 centers were systematically selected. This study was carried out in accordance with ethical considerations. The data collection tools were demographic characteristics, resilience scale, and a researcher-made questionnaire on the factors affecting addiction recovery. Data analysis was done by SPSS 24.0 statistical software.

The results showed a significant difference between the average scores of identity resilience of those who recovered from addiction in the post-test with resocialization (P<0.01) so the level of socialization had increased.  

According to the obtained results, it can be claimed that environmental protective factors, environmental risk factors, and exchange-environmental processes are effective in resiliency against abuse and prevention of re-addiction.

Earthquake is one of the most destructive and devastating natural events. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors.

The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and in terms of method, it is a part of sequential exploratory combined methods (qualitative-quantitative). The current research population includes all women and men who survived the Kermanshah earthquake in the cities of Salas Babajani and Sarpul Zahab located in Kermanshah province, who were exposed to the earthquake. The sample of this research was 378 earthquake victims of Sarpol Zahab and Salas Babajani cities located in Kermanshah province. The questionnaire of the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder is made by the researcher and has 56 questions. The method of analysis of the present study was confirmatory factor analysis using SPSS software, version 24.

The results showed that the underlying factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors included economic, environmental, psychological, family, social and cultural factors. The findings have shown that all factors of the questionnaire are positively correlated with each other at a significance level of 0.01. Based on this, it can be said that the factors of the questionnaire of the underlying factors of suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder had an acceptable internal correlation.

It can be concluded that these factors can be used to predict people who will get this disease in the future.

the selection of wise managers, human resources and efficient workforce is the most fundamental factor of production, construction, growth and development, therefore the most comprehensive knowledge of the concepts and structures related to human resources, special tools and finally the skill of using these tools It is necessary; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between emotional creativity and wisdom in young middle managers.

The current research was a correlational cross-sectional study. The statistical population of this research was all middle level managers of private banks and Mahan Airlines in Tehran in the first half of the year 1400, from among them, 300 people were selected by staged cluster sampling method. In this research, the tools of wisdom (Ardelt, 2003), emotional creativity (April, 1999), and self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) were used, all of which had acceptable validity and reliability. In order to analyze the data, SPSS-V19 and Lisrel-V8.8 software were used.

The research results showed that the model has a good fit. The results showed that emotional creativity had a significant direct effect on wisdom. The indirect effect of emotional creativity on the wisdom of middle managers was confirmed with the mediation of self-esteem with 95% confidence (P=0.05).

The results obtained from this research showed that paying attention to the mentioned variables in the selection of managers and more appropriate design for cultivating wisdom helps senior managers and researchers.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training, attachment-based therapy, and self-regulation skill training on emotional control of preschool children. This research was carried out in the form of a semi-experimental design on 48 preschool students of Islam Shahr city with available sampling method and these people were randomly replaced in three experimental groups (n=36) and a control group (n=12). . Then, the experimental groups underwent parent-child interaction training, attachment-based therapy, and self-regulation skill training, and the control group did not receive any training. The data collection tool was the child's emotion management questionnaire (Ziman et al., 2001), which was administered before and after the training. Descriptive tables and statistical methods of one-way analysis of variance with differential scores, multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni adjustment test were used to describe and analyze the collected data. The results show that, in the comparison between the effectiveness of each of the experimental groups on reducing the differential score of emotional control of preschool children, the results of the effect size showed, respectively, the parent-child interaction training groups (ƞ=0.681), the treatment based on Attachment (0.630=2ƞ) and self-regulation skill (0.408=2ƞ) had the highest impact on reducing differential scores of emotional control of preschool children. Comparing the experimental groups with each other, the results showed that the treatment based on attachment and parent-child interaction had a greater reduction in the differential scores of preschool children's emotion control compared to the self-regulation skill training group.

Emerging newer theories in explaining intergenerational differences and the process of generational change and transformations and predicting its consequences seems necessary and important. Therefore, the current research aimed to explain intergenerational differences and predict generational changes based on the concept of generation disjunction.

This research was a review type and analytical-descriptive research. The library and documentary method were used to collect data. After collecting the information, the findings related to the subject of this article were described in the findings section for discussion and conclusion.

The findings indicate fundamental differences between the Z generation and other generations. These differences include a wide range, including: cultural, social, cognitive, emotional, behavioral, linguistic, attitudinal, etc.

It can be concluded that the concept of generation disjunction helps to better understand and explain sociocultural phenomena related to Generation Z.

Academic self-disability is one of the less known strategies used to explain failure. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of attachment to parents, peers and teachers in predicting academic self-handicapping of first secondary students.

This research was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of the present study included all students (girls) of the first secondary level in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020, which number was approximately 1840000, and 384 people were selected to determine the sample size using available sampling. The research tools included the academic self-handicapping scale, the revised list of attachment to parents and peers, and the scale of attachment to the teacher. In order to analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multiple linear regression were used.

The results have shown that there is a negative and significant relationship between attachment to parents, peers and teachers (acceptance and non-rejection) and self-disability (P<0.01). Also, the results of the regression analysis showed that attachment to parents and peers explain 0.56 percent of academic self-handicapping. attachment to teachers has no role in this prediction.

It can be concluded that attachment to parents and peers played a role in predicting students' academic self-handicapping, but attachment to teachers has no effect on it