نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 87 (اردیبهشت 1402)

Today, the advancement of technology and means of mass communication has caused the transition of society from traditional to modern, from simplicity to complexity and from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional. Coinciding with these changes and transformations in society, crimes and delinquencies have also become numerous, complex, diverse and widespread, among which we can mention registered crimes. Therefore, this article tries to study registered crimes in the criminal policy of two countries, Iran and Russia, emphasizing the registered crime of forgery and fraud. The question raised in this article is, what is the approach of the criminal policy of Iran and Russia in the field of registered crimes and what points of commonality or difference can be observed between these two countries? The findings show that in the criminal policy of Russia, the two principles of "prevention of registered crimes" and the consideration of the "democratic principle" have been included in their laws more than in Iran, while in the criminal policy of Iran, the subjective aspect and the element Guilt in recorded crimes and lack of attention to the structure of the crime is more pronounced than its nature.

Unrest and protests and how to control this phenomenon are among the issues that have become particularly important for the officials of the Islamic Republic following the social political changes after the imposition of war in some parts of the country and efforts by the government to strengthen the security and police systems. It has been used as a source of social control. These protests followed a wave of theorizing about the nature, roots and consequences of the issue. Many analysts have criticized and analyzed this issue and have used different interpretations that indicate various and sometimes conflicting interpretations, which are under criticism and analysis with titles such as social unrest, social movement, new sedition, etc. Is. Examining the recent unrest from the perspective of Habermas' theory of communicative action is important since unlike positivist theories that deal with social issues with an explanatory view and seek order and stability with a conservative approach, in this theory Criticism is paid to individual and group actions with a social approach. Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on field reports and the study of library documents, this article raises the question that the unrest in the fall of 1401 in the Islamic Republic of Iran can be explained based on what component or components? It seeks to test the hypothesis that the application of communicative action theory is effective in the analysis of political and social protests. Also, the lack or vacuum of conducting research in the field of theoretical investigation of the causes of accidents from the perspective of communication action theory has been the purpose of this research.

Among the lawsuits and family disputes that may arise between a man and a woman is the issue of a woman being forbidden to go out by her husband. In such a case, a woman can no longer travel abroad. However, in order for a man to ban his wife from leaving, it is necessary to meet conditions and prepare documents in advance. Also, after the exit ban, it is still possible for the woman to take action to remove this ban. For this reason, it is considered mandatory to know the details of the issue of banning the wife from going out. According to the above-mentioned content, the question of the article is raised as follows: if the husband accepts the wife's departure from the country during the marriage contract, can the wife be prohibited from leaving the country? which examines the assumption in a descriptive-analytical way that it seems that if he has included the permission to leave the country among the conditions of his contract, there is no need to receive a consent form and he can leave the country independently. come out The findings indicate that if the man has agreed to the wife's departure from the country among the conditions of the marriage, the ban on the wife's departure will be lifted.

Introducing smart supply chains is one of the basic and important steps in the field of oil, gas and petrochemicals in the current sanctions situation. On the other hand, due to the high complexity of oil and gas supply chain management and the very high geographical dispersion of this field and advanced features such as data-oriented management, information sharing, maintaining confidentiality and privacy of data, cyber security, transparency , smart contracts, tracking and tracing capabilities, and network reliability that promote agility in the entire supply chain are of particular importance. The main purpose of this article is to study the effects, the way of implementation and the effects of establishing the smart contracts system on the performance of the oil, gas and petrochemical fields. Therefore, it has been tried to deal with the dimensions, angles and effects of this field with a systematic review. The research method of the previous article is prescriptive and the author, by conducting library research on the policy challenges of concluding smart contracts in the field of oil, gas and petrochemical industries, tried to prescribe the implementation of the mechanisms of conclusion of one of the newest electronic tools. applied in this field. The findings show that the use of smart contracts has reduced the current administrative bureaucracies, improved the speed, accuracy and efficiency of the entire supply chain of the oil and gas field and can play an effective and significant role in managing the complex activities of this field. . Also, in line with the establishment of these systems, there are some technical, security and legal restrictions that should be examined more carefully and other aspects of these contracts in accordance with the constitutional rights of our country should be checked and examined more. be placed.

The purpose of this article is to study and examine checks and check payment delay damage using analytical-descriptive method and based on library study. The method of collecting information is a documentary and library method that is collected through books, articles, reports of seminars and international meetings in Iran and abroad, related websites, etc. be Therefore, the main question of the upcoming article is what are the general rules governing check payment delay in Iranian law? In response to this question, it should be stated that check payment delay is not much different from payment delay damage in general, therefore it follows the same rules that payment delay damage is subject to as a civil matter. According to the findings, Article (12) of the Check Issuance Law allows the issuer of the check to pay the principal amount of the check and the damages for the delay in its payment during criminal proceedings and even after the issuance of a final verdict. Providing the means to pay them, depending on the case, will cause the trial to be suspended or the execution of the judgment to be suspended. The appearance of the mentioned legal article creates the image that in order to suspend the criminal proceedings or to suspend the execution of the final judgment, it is necessary to pay the damages for the delay in payment along with the principal amount of the check, regardless of whether the holder of the check pays the damages for the delay in payment in compliance with the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code. has demanded or not.

The principle of sovereignty of the will as one of the principles governing the conclusion of international contracts means that contracts are subject to the law that is agreed upon by the parties to the contract; This principle is found in Article (27) of Iran's International Commercial Arbitration Law, and it is the Persian translation of Article (28) of the UNCITRAL Model Law, which has led to the issue in the following article: that is, the existence of two different conflict resolution rules in Article (968). Civil Law and Article (27) of Arbitration Law; According to Article (968), Iranians who are parties to an international contract do not have the authority to determine the law governing the contract, and according to another (Article 27), they have this authority to a large extent. The aim of the article is to analyze which of these two rules is the governing rule: the old theory of the rule of the law of the place of conclusion of the contract or the theory of the rule of the rule of will (the law chosen by the parties). Also, the first part of Article (968), which includes the rule of the law of the place where the contract is concluded, is mandatory or optional. Finally, the findings show that the solution to the conflict is the choice of the latter theory (the choice of the law governing the place of conclusion of the contract) and because the provisions of the Civil Law regarding the obligations arising from the sale contract are basically optional, the rule of conflict that makes the place of contractual obligations subject to the law The conclusion of a contract should logically be considered an optional rule.

Restrictive conditions and non-responsibility are two groups of conditions that reduce contractual liability. The limitation of liability condition is a condition that leads to the reduction of the obligee's responsibility, and the non-responsibility condition is a condition by which the responsibility resulting from the non-performance of the contract or its delay is removed before the breach of the contract occurs and damages are found. One of the questions that arise regarding the responsibility in commercial documents is whether the authorities of a commercial document can, while signing it, stipulate in the text of the document to issue, accept, transfer or guarantee, cancel or limit their responsibility in its payment. And if there is such a condition, is the condition correct or invalid? It is assumed that if we consider Article (249) of the Commercial Law as one of the mandatory rules, the condition to the contrary is not correct. Because according to the general rule of law and the general rules of private law, articles related to financial discussions can be considered as supplementary rules and people can have agreements with each other contrary to that article, which, of course, considering international conventions, including Geneva. And UNCITRAL comes to the conclusion that if the main person responsible for the payment of the commercial document includes a good condition, this condition is invalid and not correct because it is not logical for the main person to make an obligation to pay and at the same time exempt himself from this obligation due to conditions.

This article examines the effect of teaching based on creative storytelling on active learning and reducing children's psychological disorders. Choosing the storytelling method among different types of methods for various reasons, including the greater effect of indirect methods on learning, as well as its historical antiquity and its success in long-term tests, which has made it last after this amount of time. Also, due to the cultivation of imagination, initiative and innovation and being in the category of treatment methods for disorders or behavioral problems, especially being more applicable in childhood, it has been studied as a topic in this article and is of great importance. The research method in the upcoming article is review-library and to collect its contents, articles, books and other reliable sources related to this topic have been used. The results show that the timely and correct use of stories can help children learn more, increase creativity and reduce shyness, as well as reduce behavioral disorders or problems such as stress and anxiety, aggression and depression.