نشریه پژوهش های علوم تاریخی
سال چهاردهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، پاییز 1401)

With the constitutional decree in 1906 until the end of the Qajar period, which we refer to as the constitutional era, five parliaments of the National Assembly were formed in Iran and the minutes of the parliaments of this era reflected some of the conditions of Iran at that time. This research, which has been written by descriptive and analytical methods, shows that the negotiations of the first and second parliaments of the National Assembly have been influenced by the events of the constitution and the constitutional movement, and this can be seen in the details of these negotiations regarding music. The diversity of music discussions in the first and second parliaments of the National Assembly was greater than in the other five parliaments of the constitutional era; in a ranking, the number of music-related political issues is in the first place and the number of economic ones is in the second place. Many of the negotiations were not about music, but it has been used as an example and for persuading other members of the parliament in their speeches. The proposal to ban the phonograph and the issue of the phonograph and instrument in the privacy of houses was raised in the second and fourth parliaments, which represented the conflict of opinions and the Assembly's capacity for a dialogue on this subject.

The art of metalworking was very common in Iran during the Sasanian Empire (224-651/2 AD), and making silver vessels with various images and scenes on them, was more common than previous periods. For this reason, silver works became one of the main artistic characteristic of the art in the Sasanian period. Royal hunting as one of the most common themes in the art of Sasanian period, has decorated a large number of silverware of this period. On the surface of these vessels, Sasanian rulers are seen hunting and killing different animals in the hunting ground. In this article, human and animal icons on one of these plates have been studied, which belongs to Ardashir II, one of the kings in the fourth century AD in the Sasanian dynasty which is kept in the National Museum of Ancient Iran in Tehran. After describing the images on this plate in the first step, the meanings and hidden concepts in the scene have been analyzed using the iconography method. Finally, the application of visual techniques by the artist and their relationship to the basic concept of the scene has been studied. The research method in this article is descriptive and analytical, using library resources.

The relationship between religion and politics was affected by relatively unstable political conditions during reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (1212-1250 A.H.). In early years of his rule, there was relative stability, and similar to previous centuries, religion played a traditional role in social developments. Beginning of prolonged wars with Russia and border tensions with Ottomans prompted ulama to revise religious teachings and principles according to the mentioned circumstances and accordingly arranged their relations with the government. The resumption of political stability after the war changed the link between religion and politics once again. The question is how was the relationship between religious leaders and the government considering stable conditions before and after and during it? At the beginning of Fath-Ali Shah’s reign and the first stage of stability, interaction between religion and politics followed a peaceful course and the ulama mostly acted as religious leaders, whereas after the threat posed to realm of religion after war, they adopted a converging policy with the government. After the return of stability, a divergent process followed, and reactions toward government were of critical, protest or indifferent type. Taking a descriptive-analytical method based on resources of this period, our research seeks to answer the above question. In addition to convergences and divergences, the most important outcome of relationship between religion and government during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah was that ulama laid t foundations of theocracy two centuries later by reinforcing the institution of power in the hands of a competent (jame ol-sharayet) faqih.

The establishment of the Russian Mortgage bank in Iran was the beginning of a new chapter in the development and hegemonic policies of this country in Iran, which had a profound effect on the political, economic and social pillars of this land. After establishment a central branch of the Mortgage Bank in Tehran, Russia gradually established its bank branches in important states, including the northern states of Iran, And more than ever, expanded its economic and political influence. Astarabad because of its geographical location, proximity and relations with the Russians, was given their special attention, and was one of the first states to establish a branch of a Mortgage bank; However, this bank was established in the coastal city of Bandar-e-Gaz, which was the most important foreign trade port of Astarabad, not in the center of the state.The reason for choosing Bandar-e-Gaz as the location of the bank and the activities and operation of the bank in this state and what did impact the bank have on the lives of the people of Astarabad? Is the main questions of this research.The present study, while answering the above questions, examines the performance of the Mortgage bank in the state of Astarabad in a descriptive-analytical manner.Research findings show that the Mortgage bank in Bandar-e-Gaz, in addition to monetary and financial activities, also had a political function and in line Russia's political goals, oppressed the people so much that it forced them to set fire to the bank.

Up until the present era and the propagation of the New Iranian Calendar (1925), along with the Hijri lunar calendar and the Jalali calendar, a variety of the Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors) was also popular among the peoples of the southern regions of the Caspian Sea. Despite and contrary to the historical evidence, in the last half-century, some local writers have claimed distinct and independent calendars for these regions. They have labeled these alleged calendars as Deylami/ Galeshi/ Gilani and Tabari/ Mazandarani calendars. Also, calendar eras have been fabricated for them and it has been claimed that these calendars have leap years and that their new year festival (Nowruz) falls always on a fixed day around the middle of the summer season. This article examines these alleged calendars and the pretensions that surround them. For this purpose, it studies the history of the calendars of these areas from the earliest times to the present day. It also studies the background of the assumption of an independent calendar in Mazandaran in the nineteenth century and traces back the history of the emergence of these alleged calendars in the present era. This article demonstrates that these alleged calendars are all the same Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors), knowingly or recklessly manipulated and posed as genuine independent calendars.

The discovery of the United States, or “Yengi donya” as the Iranians call it in the Qajar era, is one of the most important events in world history, which affected many people around the world. Iran was one of the countries that realized the importance of the new world during the Qajar period.This article with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the press and unpublished documents seeks to answer these questions that how was the phenomenon of mass immigration to the United States reflected in Iran after the discovery of this continent by Christopher Columbus? What were the reasons and consequences of this migration and did it lead to the migration of Iranians to the United States?The findings of the research indicate that following the discovery of the American continent, tens of thousands of immigrants from all over the world immigrated to this country due to the effective policies of the American government and attractive factors such as the presence of fertile land, the discovery of gold mines, freedom and democracy, and became a source of huge transformation.These developments and rapid transformations in the United States were strongly noticed by Iranian intellectuals, newspapers and diplomats, so that by reflecting these materials, they introduced the members of the society to the benefits of immigrating to America and in general, how and why to immigrate to this country.