نشریه بررسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The article is an account of ethnographic study about daily life in two suburban settlements in Tehran; a phenomenological exploration about the living experiences of their inhabitants. These settlements, known publicly as "colonies" and located in the Saeedabad neighborhood of the Shadabad. Findings show that the special living conditions in these colonies resulted in convergence of spatial and temporal boundaries in arenas such as employment, education and free time of the residents. The special conditions are particularly due to the densely populated residential context of the colonies, limited living space, lack of minimum amenities, and apparent poverty of the resident households. Confrontation with external formal or informal, individual or institutional charities, is the only situation which manifests unanimity and alliance of the residents over their inferior identities. In fact, social relations between them are based more on the acquisition of resources than on urban division of labor.  Power relations and hierarchy of authority more than anything is determined by variables like gender and being breadwinner; And the most important principle governing formal relations is ownership and property. The perceptions of the colonies of Saeedabad conveys residents perceive their life as isolated from the city; somewhere in border- city and non-city.

The history of social policy in Iran is primarily focused on events related to laws and the establishment of social insurance organizations. Paying attention to the municipality as an active institution in the history of social policy can provide a more multi-faceted and long-standing narrative of social policy in Iran.The purpose of this study is to highlight this issue, and identify changes in the direction of municipal social policy with an emphasis on Tehran Municipality. The conceptual approach of this research is based on Marshall's citizenship rights model. The research method is historical analysis based on historical documents available in this field included official documents containing information about the municipality (from 1908 to the end of the 2010s).The research findings indicate that the period under study can be divided into five different periods, in which social policy has been distinct in these periods: First period: Mashruteh heritage (from the first national parliament to the end of the sixth parliament); Second period: Continuation of welfare services while initial hopes are fading (from the beginning of the seventh parliament to the end of the 1950s); Third period: Urban services dominance and social services retreat (1960s until the Islamic Revolution in 1979); Fourth period: leaving the field of social policy (from the beginning of the Islamic Republic system to early 1990s); and Fifth period: Return to the field of social policy (from mid-1990s to end of 2010s).The research results interact with other theoretical approaches testify that immediately after stabilizing political rights in Iran, social rights have been crystallized but with weakening political rights, social services have not decreased but have been at the service of state-building.

Womans issues in every discourse have been formulated differently. From the Nāṣer al-Dīn Shāh Qājār era onwards, we are faced with a new system of knowledge in the form of Girls Education in the court constitutional discourse. This article aims to examine the conditions under which such discourses may arise and approach an immanent understanding of the Issue of women. In this article, we have used the literature provided by Norbert Elias on changing the balance of power between the sexes; and we overview critical studies of Iranian gender and modernity. Our approach/method in this paper is Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA). The findings show that the court reformist discourse emphasizes girls; education (making educated girls in housekeeping, healthcare, and the ways of treating their husbands and other manners relating to them). This discourse defines new moral codes for women and re-reading science, ethics, religion, and economics in line with civilization and progress. The new moral codes are meaningful in the aftermath of events such as the outbreak of epidemics and famines, the courts dependence on world powers, and the decline of the power of the courtier class. This article considers the pre-discoursive events in the configuration of such a knowledge system. In other words, our reading of the Issue of women emphasizes the historical moments that discursive and pre-discoursive events will come together and problematize an issue. We do not reduce the subject to the tier of thought or material determinants.

The research purpose is to identify the various issues and needs of children with imprisoned mothers and their compliance with domestic and international laws related to children's rights. The research was done in two steps with qualitative approach and qualitative content analysis method. In the first step, four domestic laws and documents and three international laws have been analyzed to identify children's rights. In the second step, 32 texts including interviews, reports and lived experiences related to a child with a mother imprisoned in Iran, which were published in domestic and foreign news agencies, newspapers and databases, along with eight contents published on the personal Instagram page of one of Child rights activists have been analyzed. The results of the data analysis showed that children with imprisoned mothers have received less attention in domestic and international laws. There are no suitable conditions and facilities for children in Iran's prisons. Due to the minimum conditions and facilities in the prison, its security environment and keeping the child with other prisoners, the prison is not a suitable environment for keeping the child. It is better to keep the child together with the mother in home-like institutions away from the prison environment.

This monograph studies and analyses the role of entrance exam institutions in the expansion and development of Neoliberal thought in the life area of the students ‘daily life. . In addition, special attention is paid to the genealogical study, the emergence of neoliberalism and the expansion of entrance exam institutions in post-war Iran, and to the spread of normalized market logic as a basis for decision-making and actions. The purpose of this article is to describe how the new cultural-economical order (neoliberalism) creates a "new scenario of subjectivity" (the exam subject) that did not exist before. This new scenario in relation to the rise of neoliberalism in Iran and to the hegemony of individually successful discourse has been formed. . The findings of this research using the method of the genealogy show that there is a special relationship between the rationality of neoliberal governance, subjectivity, and acceptance view of the entrance exam population. This similarity and connection are based on the case study of "Konkur Institutions", institutions that have caused the emergence of a new population and generation, called "Konkur Subject" in the society have their own way of life. After the end of the war, these institutions found a new identity and presented a mechanism of new socialization under the title of "Subject-Maker Apparatuses". These institutions, with the help of various new apparatuses, have falsified subjects and created a framework that included "Institution-Oriented" actions to persuade and encourage students to internalize the values and beliefs of the neoliberalism system..

Migrant networks are sets of interpersonal ties that connect migrants, former migrants, and nonmigrants in origin and destination areas through ties of kinship, friendship, and shared community origin. These networks play an essential role in forming the aspiration to leave or stay in the homeland. Also, potential migrants improve their capacity to migrate by getting information from these networks and their interpretation of their facilitating or encouraging role. In this study, we tried to understand the interaction of potential migrants with these networks by using the qualitative method of narrative analysis. In order to analyze the obtained information, we have used thematic narrative analysis. The participants were selected in a Purposive sampling from young people between 20 and 40 years old living in Isfahan. The findings show that interaction with migration networks was the turning point in the narrative of some narrators about the formation of the aspiration to leave the homeland. The role of migration networks is prominent in the conflict between leaving and staying. Narrators aspire to migrate either because of the encouragement of networks in the homeland and migrant networks in the destination or because of the loss of emotional ties in the homeland. In the capacity-building phase, the aspirants mentally and practically prepare themselves for migration by rejecting or accepting the information sent by the migration networks and their support to facilitate the migration process..

.This paper intends to consider the policy origin of the social situation of women in Iran after the Islamic Revolution. This study assumes that in the Islamic Republic of Iran the reference approach in all domains is the discourse of twosome leaders of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, by understanding the thematic components of this reference and study of policies in the field of situation of women, we can find the explainer answers to these two basic questions: What is the reference approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards women? And, according to the reference approach, what is the status of policies on women's social situation? Using the method of thematic analysis, the article analyzes three areas: The remarks of leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the approvals of both the Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution and the Parliament. The article then evaluates the approaches of these three areas through describing the situation of women in Iran. Linking through descriptive analysis and thematic analysis, the results proves despite the high potential of reference approach on track to improve the social situation of women in Iran, the double institutions above-mentioned have not used a clear advantage of this capacity. It is why the favorable impact of the reference approach has not been achieved yet. Therefore, we need serious reforms in the field of legislation and policy-making so that the performance of governments can be largely controlled and evaluated..

The present study was designed and implemented with the aim of understanding the lived experience of women from the process of political socialization in Iran. This research is based on the methodological approach of phenomenology in order to understand the nature of the issue of women's political socialization in Iran. In data collection, semi-structured and interactive interview technique was used, and for data analysis, Claizi's method was used, and the validity and reliability of the study was checked according to the method suggested by Lincoln and Goba. The target community of this study was selected based on snowball sampling and by conducting 20 interviews and holding two group discussions with women who have experience in political activism; Conceptual and theoretical saturation was obtained. In order to analyze information during data collection, step by step, coding has been done by two researchers to reduce the conceptualization error rate. In this process, in the first stage of coding, 111 codes were identified, and after aggregating and combining the codes, 10 themes were identified, including "women's identity conflicts, gender stereotypes, unequal educational processes, masculinization of the political space, subordination and marginalization of women in the political structure and partisanship, male decision-making structures, the lack of universality of women's political activity, social distrust, the void of the political model of women's behavior, the conflict of cultural structures with women's social and cultural agency" were identified, which shows the weakness of the political socialization process of women in Iran. The conclusion of the article is that women in Iranian society are on the sidelines of politics. The system has been created for them due to the weakness of political socialization and a kind of political rejection. In other words, it can be said that today's conditions of Iranian society are facing a phenomenon called women's bio-political contradiction and challenges and confusions. It still exists in women's domain.

Spouse abuse is an important social issue and the most common form of violence in the family, therefore, finding a solution that improves the resilience of the family system in violent situations by preventing the creation and increase of this crisis leads to ontinuity of the family and survival of society and ulturalcohesion social. Therefore, the aim of this study was to model family resilience as a solution to the social problem of spousal abuse, based on the investigation of two factors underlying personal authority in the family system and ineffective communication beliefs. This was a descriptive-correlational study based on structural equation modeling in which 250 female victims of spousal abuse visiting the social assistance departments of tehran city police stations in 1400 were selected using a targeted method. For data collection, Sixby's family resilience questionnaire(2005), personal authority in the family system of Williamson, Malone, and Barry(1984) and Idelson-Wabstein's communication beliefs(1981) were used. Hypothetical model was analyzed using structural equation modeling method and spss18 and Amos23 software. The findings showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of personal authority(β=0.276, p=0.001) and ineffective communication beliefs (β=-0.255, p=0.000) with family resilience. The improvement indices supported the research model with the collected data. The structural model also has a good fit and showed significant fit indices. It is concluded that strengthening the personal authority and recognizing the ineffective communication beliefs, due to the increase in the level of awareness and empowerment of women who are victims of spousal abuse, increases the resilience of the family and the degree of prevention of this social harm and adaptation of family systemto crises and ultimately increases social welfare will be effective.

The present study seeks to answer the question that due to the differences in GDP, population level, benefit of growth infrastructure and other factors affecting regional and geographical imbalances, which of the provinces has a higher degree of welfare? And which have a lower level of well-being? The scientific answer to this question can scientifically provide a suitable policy model in the field of allocation and distribution of resources, facilities and opportunities for public sector policymakers to eliminate the imbalances created. In this study, using the household income-expenditure data of the Statistics Center during the Sixth Development Plan (from 2016 to 2022), the trend of changes in the indicators of real average cost, Gini coefficient and finally social welfare of urban and rural households is examined and analyzed. . According to the results, the real cost of urban and rural households in the country has decreased during the period under review. Also in the same period, the Gini coefficient of urban and rural households has increased, which indicates that the income distribution situation is deteriorating. Then social welfare was calculated based on age index for urban and rural areas of the country and provinces. Accordingly, the social welfare index of age has also decreased significantly during this period. Emphasis on developing a comprehensive poverty reduction plan instead of island programs, focusing on macro-growth policies along with empowerment, controlling inflation, creating productive employment, improving the business environment and skills training are some of the proposed solutions to reduce inequality and Promoting welfare should be on the agenda of policymakers and managers..

One of the destructive social harms is the phenomenon of addictive substance abuse, which unfortunately is more and more rooted and growing in the society. Since young people are in the most sensitive and vulnerable period of life, they suffer the most and are easily caught in the trap of consuming these substances. Therefore, the present study was written with the aim of investigating the relationship between social capital and the use of addictive substances. The research method is survey and the statistical population includes all young people in Qazvin, 384 of who were selected through Cochran's statistical formula and stratified random sampling to collect data. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and the software required for statistical analysis was SPSS software. The results of Pearson r correlation test showed that the relationship between social capital and all components of addictive drug use including smoking, hookah use, alcohol consumption and smoking among young people in Qazvin with 99% confidence and a significance level less than 0.05 0 has been approved. Also, the results of multivariate regression analysis showed that the variables present in the regression model were able to explain 39.5% of the changes in the variable of addictive substance use.

Discourse on the resistance economy through modern social media, if it is done with a strategic approach,while raising public awareness and strengthening the endogenous economy in the international arena, it can also show the futility of the policy of unilateral sanctions. This article was done with the purpose of strategic analysis of resistance economy discourse with emphasis on the role of modern social networks. The present research is a descriptive-survey research from the perspective of practical-developmental goal and from the perspective of data collection method. The statistical population includes representatives of the Islamic Council, managers of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, and university professors, and finally 17 people participated in this study through the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done using semi-structured expert interviews and SWAT tools. To analyze the data, thematic analysis method and SWAT combined approach and quantitative strategic planning were used. The results of the research showed that the appropriate strategy for creating a discourse of resistance economy using social networks should emphasize on strengthening the strengths and minimizing internal weaknesses by focusing on the optimal use of the available opportunities. Explaining the dimensions of the resistance economy and making it a discourse, especially in the scientific, educational and media environments, and turning it into an inclusive and popular national discourse is the best solution in making this goal operational. Social networks can be used to shape public opinion and psychological readiness of members of the society in order to strengthen the endogenous economy..

Religion is one of the long-standing institutions of human collective life. Continuity and transmission of religious teachings from one generation to another depends on the facilities and mechanisms used. The role of the family as one of the most important social institutions has been one of the most determining elements of the cultural destiny of societies. This article tries to reread the religiosity experience of academic women in the last decade of the Islamic Revolution, in the context of relationships, one of the most important channels of religious socialization, that is, the family. To achieve the mentioned goal, this research has put a phenomenological approach in its agenda. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with 14 women who were academics in the years leading up to the Islamic revolution. The studies conducted show that despite the apparent differences in terms of religious commitments among families, in the midst of diverse experiences of religiosity or religious disobedience, one can see the effort of the Iranian family to protect its "internality"; Religious experiences (or non-religious positions) and family have mutually supported each other's position and internal norms.