نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 83 (بهار 1402)

Today, one of the most important environmental problems around the world, especially in aquatic ecosystems, is heavy metals pollution. Due that sediments are the main source of heavy metals, in this study, Gamasiab River sediments were evaluated for heavy metal contamination of chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, iron and manganese. After layering, the results were interpolated by two methods of kriging and Inverse Distance. Moller Index, Ecological risk Index and numerical parameters were used to assess the range of sediment pollution. Results of Moller index in spring showed no pollution. Also in summer it indicated no pollution for all metals except Ni. Results of RI categorized level of Heavy metal concentration in low contamination. Using RI plans, zoning plans and Hot Spot analysis indicated that the concentration of heavy metals in east of Gamasiab river in spring is higher than summer and it is showed that spots with high concentration in summer are located in west of Gamasiab river.

One of the most important challenges facing urban management is informal housing. This phenomenon is one of the adverse consequences of urbanization in the contemporary world, which is especially formed as a result of rapid industrialization and regional inequalities, and due to the deprivation and lack of informal settlements in urban living facilities compared to other Urban areas have made them the focus of acute urban issues and problems and against sustainable human development. The current situation of informal settlements shows that the plans, forecasts and measures taken to address the problems of this phenomenon, especially in the metropolis of Tabriz, have not been so effective that the expansion of informal settlements in this city is a reason for this claim. For this purpose, in this study, an attempt has been made to systematically identify and analyze the key drivers affecting the formation and expansion of informal settlements in the Tabriz metropolis. The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative-qualitative) with analytical-exploratory nature. The intersection of the components is formed. In the next step, the matrix is analyzed using Micmac software. The results of the dispersion of variables in the axis of influence and the influence of factors in Mikmak software indicate the instability of the system in the study area and accordingly, five categories of variables were identified. Finally, due to the high score of direct and indirect influence of factors, eighteen main factors were identified as key drivers in the formation and expansion of informal settlement in the region. Among the studied drivers, the variables of the economic sector had the greatest impact on the formation and expansion of informal settlement in the study area.

Increasing population growth in urban areas has had adverse socio-economic, traffic and physical consequences for cities. So cities need to provide better places to live. One of these places is the creation of pedestrian zones or sidewalks. The aim of this study was to assess the factors affecting the quality of the two phases of the Rasht pedestrian zone from the citizens' point of view. The first phase of the pedestrian zone includes Alam al-Huda Street and the second phase includes Saadi, Imam Khomeini and Shahrdari squares. The method of the present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the method of implementation. In this research, in the first step, theoretical studies and research literature have been done and based on these studies, four criteria (physical-spatial, accessibility, socio-economic, micro-design) and 22 indicators have been selected. In the next step, by field studies and completion of 392 questionnaires by citizens, using the entropy method, the criteria and indicators of studies in two phases of pedestrian zones have been weighed and evaluated. The results show that the micro-design criteria and the three indicators "suitable design for the disabled and the elderly", "night lighting" and "urban facilities (trash and drinking water, etc.)" have the greatest weight and importance. Also, in ranking the two-phase pedestrian zones, citizens are more satisfied with the first phase with a normalization score of (0.52) than the second phase (0.47).

In the metropolises of Iran, including Tabriz, attention to the provision of electronic services and the use of smart tools such as smart phone in the field of tourism has increased in recent years. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of using smart phones in tourism in the formation of destination image and travel experience from the perspective of citizens of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the statistical population is the citizens of Tabriz who use smart phones and the sample size according to Cochran's formula for the unknown statistical population is 384 people. For data analysis, structural equation and path analysis methods have been implemented with Smart PLS software. The results showed that the use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the travel experience of citizens of Tabriz metropolis; The use of smart phones in travel has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis; And the use of smart phones in travel with the mediating role of travel experience has a positive effect on the destination image of the citizens of Tabriz metropolis. The results of the present study are useful for managers and policy makers who intend to attract tourists to tourism destinations in the age of information and communication technology using smart phones and to continue the life of tourism destinations in the field of global competition and provide tourist areas.

Studying land use changes in the past and predicting these changes for the future is one of the important principles of planning for urban development, management of various hazards, optimal use of natural resources and curbing unprincipled changes in the future. Monitoring and optimal management of natural resources requires timely and correct information. In this regard, land use maps / land cover is one of the most important sources of information in various managements. One of the efficient methods for predicting land cover changes and land use is the Markov chain model. In this study, changes in land cover over the past years and the possibility of predicting it in the future using the Markov chain model in the Zard River basin have been investigated. To achieve this goal, the required satellite images were first prepared using ETM + (2000) ETM +, (2006); ETM + (2012) and OLI-TIRS (2018) sensors; maps were prepared after making corrections on satellite images, and evaluating the accuracy of classifications using kappa coefficient. Then the land use map for 2025 and 2050 is predicted. The results show that if the speed of land use change is the same as in previous years. In 2025, the use of built-up areas will increase to 1089.54 hectares, the use of green space and gardens will decrease to 4/4/2012, the use of wasteland to 85279.59 hectares will be reduce, arable land use will be increased to 1154/52 hectares and surface water use will be increased to 666/54. . In 2050, the use of built-up areas will increase to 1671/98 hectares, the use of green space and gardens will decrease to 192.62 hectares, the use of barren land will decrease to 8438.69 hectares, the use of arable land will increase to 1243.73 hectares. Surface water use will increase to 895.59.

Climate change is one of the most pressing problems on Earth today, so predicting these changes in the future and their effects on water resources, the natural environment, agriculture, and environmental, economic and social impacts is of particular importance. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of global climate change on different climatic regions of the country were studied in 12 climatic regions. In this study, NCEP data and climatic elements of precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature were used for statistical downscaling with SDSM model. And using the CanEMS2 model output under RCP scenarios for the three statistical periods of 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2099 annual climate change data were obtained. Correlation coefficient, determination coefficient and error indexes of RMSE, MSE and MAD were used to evaluate the performance of the model. However, the results showed that the accuracy of the model was different at different stations. In this way, each model performs better than rainfall in simulating minimum and maximum temperatures. The annual long-run results also show that precipitation will decrease in all climates studied in the coming decades, with the largest decrease occurring in semi-warm (35%) and very humid and temperate (32%) desert areas. But minimum and maximum temperature variations will be different in different climatic regions so that under RCP scenarios during all statistical periods at Sabzevar and Tabas stations minimum temperature changes will decrease but in other climatic regions the trend of minimum and maximum temperatures will be incremental. The highest minimum and maximum temperature increases based on RCP scenarios under RCP8.5 scenario during the period 2071-2099 in the cold mountain climatic region will be 3.03, 4.27 ° C, respectively.

Adherence to non-operating defense principles in locating infrastructure, especially military centers, can reduce vulnerability and damage in times of danger and crisis and any military threat. There are several factors affecting this location, most of which are natural geographic (climatic and geomorphological) factors. Considering the development of cities and the placement of military centers within the urban context and the lack of adherence to non-operational defense principles in their placement and construction in the past, as well as the need to relocate most of the existing military centers at the provincial level, the importance of the case doubles. One of the main goals of the research is. Two groups of data were used in this study. Climatic data obtained from the Provincial Meteorological Organization and other data obtained from topographic and geological maps and related organizations The present study deals with the role of climatic elements and other effective factors in locating military sites. The purpose is to identify areas that are prone to non-operating defense principles. The strategic position of the East Azerbaijan Province in northwestern Iran in order to align with the Republic of Azerbaijan and Armenia and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and to position itself on the European and Central Asian communication axis further emphasizes the importance of non-operational defense principles in locating sensitive and military centers. . The research method in this research is based on the Network Analysis Process (ANP) and GIS analysis. After weighting the layers and overlapping them and examining the principles of non-operating defense, the final mapping was prepared and the results show that among the factors Effective in locating military centers in the study area, climatic factors have the highest weight (0.34).

Vitality is one of the basic needs of cities that with the development of urbanization and social harms, its importance is increasing day by day. Focusing on environmental qualities leads to the efficiency and vitality of urban spaces, the continuation of urban life and the strengthening of physical-mental health characteristics and belonging to the place. Today, we are witnessing a decline in environmental qualities, lively activities, lack of natural and urban green spaces, and as a result, the active and lively presence of people in urban spaces is diminishing. Parklet is one of the factors that can be effective in encouraging citizens to walk and increase vitality in urban spaces. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess and evaluate the role of Parklets in order to increase vitality in one of the most important promenades and pedestrian boulevards in Hamadan called Eram Boulevard. The research method is applied and survey and the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire to obtain citizens' opinions and the reliability of the data was calculated by Cronbach's alpha of 0.845. According to the statistical population of the study, based on Cochran's formula, 360 people are considered as the sample size. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression in SPSS statistical software were used. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the variables of public space expansion, improving street landscape, a place for social interactions, increasing economic income and improving quality of life with vitality. Also, the index of social interactions and improving the landscape of the street have the greatest impact on increasing the vitality of Eram Boulevard in Hamedan.

One of the most significant factors affecting the regional development is having infrastructure. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the development of the country's provinces in terms of infrastructure indicators which based on 20 indicators, 31 provinces were ranked. First, indicators were collected. Then, extracting the weight by principal component analysis method, the indicator was combined using TOPSIS method and the composite indicator of infrastructure development of the provinces was calculated. In order to investigate the regional inequality, the coefficients of variation and Williamson were applied. Also, zoning the provinces was carried out. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS software. According to the results, the highest inequality was the infrastructure related to the country's transportation whereas the lowest inequality was related to indicators of the rural infrastructure. The findings of composite indicators revealed that the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan have the best situation whereas Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, South Khorasan and Alborz have the lowest rank, respectively. Based on the results of zoning, provinces including Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan placed in the first level of development, most of the northern, central and southern provinces were in the second level, southern and southeastern provinces were in the third level. Furthermore, according to the hierarchical cluster analysis, the provinces were divided into three groups: developed, semi-developed and underdeveloped. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of spatial distribution of infrastructure development is not balanced among the provinces of Iran and in any decision to invest in the infrastructure sector; underdeveloped provinces should be more taken into consideration.

Cities are the most complex systems and networks that have ever emerged. Beyond the classical equilibrium debate, they need a lot of energy to maintain their cohesive structure. Therefore, in the development of cities, it should be noted that a complex and coherent network includes a hierarchical and interconnected structure that emerges at different spatial scales and over time, and to maintain this coherence, the interconnected structure must be adhered to. The main structure of the city as a formative of ossification and urban form has had a great impact on the communication and spatial arrangement of urban spaces. Some parameters have played a more prominent role in shaping the urban structure over time, and some vice versa. One of the methods based on the use of computers and scientific methods in the field of urban studies is the spatial arrangement technique. The purpose of this paper is to apply the spatial arrangement technique in the study of the configuration and main structure of the historical city of Tabriz during the last century. , Interconnection, space depth and selection) have been discussed using axial line maps and the results have been presented in the form of graphic and mathematical data. The research findings indicate that the axes and routes of the historical and central context of Tabriz have lost their importance and role, but the potential and capacity of revitalization have their role and importance in the main structure of the city.

The outbreak of the corona virus was a widespread crisis that affected all geographical areas. Many countries implemented various measures and strategies, one of the most successful and up-to-date being green zoning. Green zoning is one of the zoning methods in different geographical areas that is dynamic and temporary and by implementing different mechanisms and strategies, minimizes the problems and risks caused by the corona epidemic. The main purpose of this study is to present a green zoning approach to deal with the challenges of the Corona epidemic in the health tourism areas of spa cities. The approach used in research, is a sequential exploratory approach that uses the qualitative method of thematic analysis in the first phase and the quantitative survey method in the second phase. The main tool used in the qualitative phase is a semi-structured interview and in the quantitative phase is a questionnaire, which was extracted from 11 experts in the qualitative phase and 23 in the quantitative phase, respectively, relevant information and data. According to the research findings, in the qualitative phase of the semi-structured interviews, 67 indicators were identified, from which 22 basic themes, 8 organizing themes and 3 global themes were extracted. In the quantitative phase, the weight and importance of the studied indicators were studied and analyzed using Shannon entropy and fuzzy TOPSIS techniques. From the results of the present study, we can identify the dimensions and indigenous components of this type of zoning, which were obtained using the opinions of experts and scientific methods. Also, pointed to the situation of the cities at the foot of Sabalan Mountain, which in terms of the obtained indicators, the city of Sarein is in a favorable or good range and according to the components of green zoning, can work to provide health tourism services.

the purpose of this research is analyzing the relationship between changes of life style and the pattern of Islamic housing in Tabriz metropolis. The method of the research is descriptive, survey and inferential and is based on referring to Islamic sources of Quran verses and narratives. In addition, questionnaires have been used to achieve the research purposes. The statistical population of the research consists of all the residents of Tabriz in the whole area of this metropolis and the subjects were selected using simple accidental method of sampling. For confirming or rejecting the hypotheses, SPSS software was used for analyzing the data obtained from the questionnaires. By analyzing the relationship between variables and ranking of the indices and components of the research it became possible by application of multiple regression model and single-sample t test. In addition, using network analysis model and Super Decision software, the ideas of 30 experts were extracted by distributing questionnaires and the elements and components of each factor were ranked. The results of the research indicated that the total multiplier correlation coefficient for independent and dependent variables were 0.906 R and the coefficient of determination was 0.822 and the adjusted coefficient of determination was 0.818. This fact indicates a high correlation between the variable of lifestyle and Islamic housing pattern. From39 sub-indicators, 12 of them which show changes in lifestyle values, belong respectively to the index of respect with coefficient (0.367), cultural values (0.243), behavioral patterns (0.215), economic values (0.132). These values have gained high privileges. In addition, social index, religious identity index and spatial and environmental values have lower ranks. Diminishing spiritual values against material ones are significant in the sense that the changes in lifestyle values have pushed the model of Islamic housing toward modernization.