نشریه کارافن
سال نوزدهم شماره 60 (زمستان 1401)

The present study aimed to design and apply the instructional model of procedural knowledge based on two systemic and constructivist approaches to compare the effectiveness of these approaches by evaluating the educational activities of architectural freshman students and to identify the appropriate approach to adopt an effective instructional model to improve design ability. Architectural basic design (I) lesson was considered as a case study in this research. Instructional design with a systemic approach was then carried out using the teaching model of procedural knowledge of Moradi (2010) and then with a constructivist approach using the model of Jonassen (1999). The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included first year undergraduate students of architectural engineering in universities of Hamadan province. Among them, 30 students of architectural basic design (I) lesson of Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch were selected as a sample by available sampling methods, but were assigned randomly. The data collection tool was a researcher-made test to measure students' performance, which was approved by experts. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean, variance, standard deviation, etc.) and inferential tests (covariance and its assumptions) with the help of SPSS software (2021) version 22. The results showed that the instructional model of procedural knowledge based on a systemic approach can be more effective in improving the design ability of architectural freshman students who have little basic knowledge than the constructive model by changing the cognitive structures.

Attention to the perceptual function of residential interiors depends to a large extent on their visual quality, which is a qualitative category, and therefore, its analysis has many complexities. This research seeks to answer the question of how and to what extent the arrangement and design of the interior elements in an architectural space affect the optimal distribution of daylight and visual comfort of space users. In fact, the purpose of this study was to discover the relationship between interior architectural elements and improve the visual quality of residential spaces in order to have the proper distribution of natural light. In this regard, 8 examples of residential spaces were designed, First, the visual quality of the sample of residential interiors was measured and quantitative data extracted through the Isovist tool in Depthmap Software based on the visibility connection indicators, the maximum line of sight radius, and the average depth of vision. Then, daylight indicators of brightness intensity and uniformity rate were also obtained in samples of Isfahan city in Relux software, and then, the relationship between visual quality indicators and daylight indicators was also investigated. Finally, Isovist indicators, which indicate the visual quality of species, were correlated with daylight variables confirming the validity of the proposed method in measuring the visual quality and amount of light received by residential spaces. The results of this study can be potentially effective in simultaneously measuring the visual quality and design of interior spaces of residential units and consequently, the quality of these units and the amount of light received in residential spaces.

Architectural Roon -the orientation of a city and its buildings- is an important theory by Pirnia, who believed that the traditional architecture of Kerman is built on a specific orientation due to its climate and medical and geographical conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate and verify the cognition of this theory as well as comprehend the traditional architecture of Kerman from this point of view. It also aimed to study the climate of the city and to find the perfect orientation for architecture and urbanism of Kerman. The main question of the study was to determine whether the traditional architecture and urbanism of Kerman is based on the Roon introduced by Pirnia. To answer the question, firstly, this theory and the importance of orientation in sustainable architecture and optimization of energy consumption were explained and expanded, and then the climate of Kerman and the frequency of traditional houses in the mentioned orientation using quantitative method were studied. The results indicated that the Roon which Pirnia considered for the city -the east-west stretch- was low frequency, and the majority of the buildings were close to what he called Roon of Isfahan -the northwest-southeast stretch- which simultaneously provides buildings with suitable sunlight on the sunny front in winter and protects the winter-living room from the unpleasant, cold and dusty wind from southwest. This orientation in plans has provided the possibility of desired location of the used areas during warm seasons towards the pleasant seasonal prevailing wind.

Today, architecture graduates experience a type of shock at the beginning of their careers as academic learning do not help them as much as it should for initial employment or career advancement. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the pathology of the undergraduate program in architecture at universities and to examine the effectiveness of these trainings in creating the necessary skills and knowledge for employment. For this purpose, firstly, similar research in this field was reviewed and then, by specialized analysis and lexicography, the term "employability" of the research concept identified. The two main skills derived from the conceptual model were tested through a field study with the statistical population of architecture graduates. Sampling was carried out purposefully and 51 people responded to a closed questionnaire on the variables affecting recruitment. The results of the data analysis showed that the four variables of "inconsistency of definitions in the professional environment with the academic", "unfamiliarity with labor laws and building regulations", "lack of practical skills in the professional environment" and "lack of familiarity with administrative and professional issues" were all more effective than the variable "non-institutionalization of curriculum". According to the results, it seems that architectural knowledge is well institutionalized in the curriculum, but the other variables are effective in creating the professional shock at the beginning of entering the professional environment. In addition, lack of connection and harmony between academic architectural knowledge and reality of the professional environment are the main causes of this shock.

The aim of this study was to predict idea generation in architecture through creativity styles and metacognitive skills and to test the mediating role of learning strategies. The present study was a correlational structural equation model. The statistical population of this study included all architecture students of Hamadan Girls' Technical and Vocational University totaling 600 students in the academic year 2020-2021. It is noteworthy that the sampling method used took into consideration the coronavirus epidemic conditions and 126 students were selected according based on available methods. In order to collect data, O'Neill and Abedi's state metacognition questionnaires, Weinstein's and Palmer's learning strategies, Kerton's creativity styles and the researcher's idea evaluation test were used. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the model had a good fit with the research data. Metacognitive skills and creative styles, both directly and indirectly through learning strategies, have a positive and significant effect on student's idea generation. It is recommended to the practitioners of architectural education that in order to teach the design process to students, attention should be paid to learning strategies, creative styles of people, and the ability to metacognize a state related to design.

It is necessary to study the quality of virtual education during the Covid-19 epidemic and the need for higher education to hold virtual and distant education in this period. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual education of practical courses in the field of architecture in Shiraz Girls' Technical and Vocational College using the survey method. The statistical population of this research comprised of 40 professors and 460 architectural students in the first semester of 2021-2022; based on the Cochran table, the sample size was determined to be 36 professors and 210 students. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 34 questions and 8 components. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software at two levels of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (single sample t test and t independent groups). Findings showed that according to the professors, all components except teaching-learning activity were optimal and the learning-teaching activity component was moderately effective. From the point of view of the students, the flexibility component was desirable while the content component was undesirable, and the components of organizing educational materials, helping students, designing pages, amount of workload, evaluation and handling were considered moderately effective. In general, from the point of view of the professors, the effectiveness of the virtual training course of practical architectural courses was favorable and from the point of view of the students, it was average. This study also showed that familiarity with cyberspace plays a role in the effectiveness of virtual education, including content components, organizing educational materials, flexibility and helping the student and promotes better understanding and communication with the learning environment.

The construction industry has always been influenced by new, emerging and advanced technologies throughout its history. Technological developments have led to increasing changes in many areas of the construction industry. This research investigated the technological changes and developments in the field of construction industry by adopting a future-research approach. The purpose of this study was to identify key technological factors affecting the future of the construction industry. First, using library studies, technological advances affecting the construction industry were identified. Examining the available documents and books, 18 drivers were identified in four areas: "design", "construction", "maintenance, repair and operation" and "management". Then, among the drivers determined, using the method of structural analysis and based on the opinion of experts, the key technological factors that will have the greatest impact on the future of the construction industry were identified. Research data was analyzed using MICMAC software. The results of using structural analysis method indicate that 9 key factors including building information modeling (BIM), new energy consumption simulation software, virtual reality and augmented reality, intelligent structural systems and facilities, 3D printers, prefabrication, modularization, robotics and blockchains will have the greatest influence on the future of the construction industry.

Due to unprecedented population growth, urbanization and urban growth have become central to planning and political discourses. There are a variety of forces that affect urban growth internally and externally. As urban growth by nature influences different dynamics of urbanization such as population mobility, employment distribution, environmental functionality, and housing markets, it has become the core of urban and regional planning. Urban growth patterns play a critical role in the well-being of residents and the livability of the city. Scrutinizing urban form as the spatial reflection of the urbanization process is a necessity for urban development planning to reach more sustainable and resilient cities. The purpose of this research was to analyze urban growth based on the indicators of urban growth. In the present research, using satellite images for a 20-year period from 1996 to 2016, the urban growth of Shiraz metropolis was explored based on the spatial parameters of the urban growth form. The results of this research indicated that the metropolis of Shiraz has undergone many changes in terms of form in the studied period. These changes have occurred in different urban classes such as built buildings, green spaces and gardens, road networks and urban wastelands. The results of the quantitative analysis of urban growth changes in Shiraz metropolis indicated that urban fragmentation and division occurred in all urban classes and in the studied period, Shiraz metropolis has moved towards greater divisions. The fractal dimension of urban growth in Shiraz metropolis also demonstrated greater complexity in the form of urban growth.

A great deal of research has been carried out on the classification of residential units and various classifications have been presented. The purpose of this article was to investigate the role of vertical and horizontal density in urban housing typology in order to improve human health and the active living environment of citizens. Therefore, in this article, the typology of housing was discussed from the perspective of horizontal and vertical density in urban housing architecture, and based on the results obtained, factors affecting health were discussed. The assumptions of this research were based on the impact of residential density on flexibility and changeability, the type of environmental arrangement, the number of unconnected houses on the residents' perception of their place of residence. The current research was applied and descriptive non-experimental in terms of its nature and method. Cochran's formula was used for sampling and 385 questionnaires were collected. Sample selection was random and included engineers and architectural specialists at the engineering system organization of Tehran province with at least 15 years of related activity and work experience. Data collection method was through the use of a questionnaire as well as library study by referring to available documents in scientific and authoritative articles. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained by formulating the questions based on the theoretical foundations of the research and with the comments and approval of the above-selected engineers and architectural experts. In order to confirm the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used and values ​​above 0.7 were considered acceptable. The mean test was calculated on the main and specific hypotheses in SPSS22 software and at a confidence level of 0.95. The results demonstrated that all research hypotheses were confirmed. As a result of this research, effective factors in human health and living environment were identified and recommendations were made for using all factors.

Given the rapid acceleration of urbanization in the city of Shiraz in recent years, it seems necessary to study the impact of new developments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of urban canyon material on daily average temperature and net long-wave wall flux. Therefore, the question arises of how urban surface material affects average daily temperatures and wall long-wave net fluxes. In this study, ANSYS FLUENT software was used to numerically model airflow, heat transfer, and solar radiation in a three-dimensional urban environment. The k-ε turbulence model was implemented for the initial modeling, whereas the large-eddy simulation model was utilized for the final modeling. The simulation also used three different materials for the urban facade; aluminum, gray concrete, and white stone, and asphalt for the ground. It was observed that the lowest wall’s mean temperature was related to the white stone with a temperature of 294K at approximately 5:00 AM and the highest value was associated with the aluminum material with a temperature of 337K at approximately 14:00 PM. The lowest value of the average net long-wave radiation flux of walls equal to 53 w/m2 was related to the aluminum material at approximately 6:30 AM and the highest amount equivalent to 295 w/m2 was related to the white stone material at 15 PM. Comparisons revealed that the magnitude of the vortices generated next to the building was approximately the same for the three materials and the formation of vortices behind buildings that were as tall as the buildings.

Irregular development and urban instability increase marginalization, destruction of urban green areas and increase the demand for urban land, which in turn leads to the disappearance of urban green spaces and land use change. The purpose of this study was to present executive strategies to improve and develop urban green space in the 10th metropolitan area of Tehran. Research method was descriptive-analytical, which evaluated the urban green space of the 10th metropolitan area of Tehran by examining the implementation trends of the SWOT evaluation model and using the QPSM quantitative strategic model to present the best executive strategies in the region. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the region based on the principles and research background and was distributed among 25 experts in this field. Based on this, 15 strengths and 15 weaknesses, 10 opportunities and 11 threats were identified in the region. Findings showed that the greatest strength was sufficient statistics and information on green space in the region, the greatest weakness was lack of green spots, the greatest opportunity was consolidating old and dilapidated houses and using them as green space, and the greatest threats were water and soil pollutions. The reason for the existence of industries and factories in the area were lack of suitable offers for the development of green space. According to the results obtained for planning in the direction of green space in the study area in the matrix of strategies and executive priorities, the WO review strategies determine the acceptable strategy.

The compact development of cities and the reduction of green spaces are the main reasons for the formation of thermal islands, a phenomenon that has become a major problem in cities. In addition, increased temperatures have led to environmental problems, reduced health of citizens, and risen energy consumption, particularly in buildings as it is used to create favorable temperature conditions to gain thermal comfort. One strategy for controlling and reducing this problem is the use of passive systems such as green roofs which can affect the thermal properties of a building due to their moisture content, absorption level, reflection and shading parameters. Furthermore, the presence of different vegetation will have different effects on the temperature changes of the roof surfaces. This paper investigates the performance of green roofs with different vegetation coverage on the roof surface temperatures of buildings. The surveys were conducted in hot and dry climates of Tehran city and simulations were carried out by Envi-Met software. The main environmental variables such as mean radiant temperature, air temperature, air flow and relative humidity were studied and compared as the main variables of the study. Finally, a comparison of the extent and role of the above on reducing the thermal island phenomenon shows that the use of Hedege, Grass and Soja vegetation in creating optimal conditions was very impressive in the order mentioned. The results show that green roof with Hedege vegetation (compact) had the greatest impact on climatic parameters compared to other green roofs.

The provision of sound comfort and speech intelligibility in metro stations also contribute to the mental and physical discussions of individuals in addition to safety and security. In acoustics, an objective evaluation alone is not sufficient to determine acoustic satisfaction and there is a need for subjective evaluation. Therefore, the purpose of this research was evaluation of acoustical satisfaction in metro stations in terms of quantity and quality with descriptive-experimental methods. The required data was collected through field studies that included measurement of physical parameters (SPL and RT) as well as questionnaires to better understand the audience and measure their satisfaction with the five effective components in acoustic quality (auditory, speech, human, functional and architecture) and analyzed in two EXCEL and SPSS software. A comparison with international standards was made in the scope of physical measurements and recognition of the underlying variables to determine the satisfaction, the relationship between the factors influencing the acoustic satisfaction with the demographic variables which research in humanities is looking for. The analysis of the collected data indicated that the SPL and RT did not follow the relevant standards. The main factors of dissatisfaction from people’s points of views included mechanical, dynamic and speech reflection in metro stations, which produce significant noise, and have a great impact on safety and security and the performance of public address systems. Furthermore, satisfaction of users had a significant correlation with variables such as gender, age, number of trips during the day, and auditory ability of each individual.

In recent decades, the dominant paradigm in urban planning has shifted from planning for the people to planning with the people and even by the people, and the concept of citizen participation has become increasingly important. Thus, many countries have used formal school and university education to institutionalize skills that lead to increased citizen participation in society. In order to explain the effectiveness of such trainings in Iran, the present article attempted to address the question: "Will a high level of education (greater benefit from formal trainings) increase citizen participation?". The hypothesis of the article was that people with higher education had greater involvement in urban affairs. The present study was descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, Hemmatabad and Abshar neighborhoods of Isfahan, which are adjacent to each other but have significant differences in terms of education of residents, were comparatively studied. A questionnaire was also used to obtain additional information. The statistical population of this study was selected using Cochran's formula with an error coefficient of 5% for Abshar neighborhood with 372 residents and Hemmatabad neighborhood of 374 residents. For data analysis, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, linear regression and Mann-Whitney test were used. The findings showed that there was no significant relationship between education and citizen participation. In other words, the article hypothesis was rejected. As a result, it can be said that formal trainings are not sufficiently effective in increasing citizen participation and are therefore criticized.

With the growth of urbanization and the increase in the density of buildings, emerging urban valleys face greater problems in terms of pollution and temperature. Severe thermal stresses in these valleys have reduced the level of thermal satisfaction of passers-by. Planting vegetation is one important method of reducing air temperature and improving thermal comfort, particularly on sidewalks. Shading or evaporative cooling helps to improve ambient temperature conditions. Studies conducted in Isfahan show that trees are the most repetitive type of vegetation in the valleys of Isfahan. They create different thermal conditions in the passage. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in thermal impact between the most common type of broadleaf tree and the most frequent type of coniferous tree in the urban valleys of Isfahan with different H / W ratio and orientation. Envi-met v4.1 software was used to evaluate the impact of trees with different characteristics in urban valleys. First, through field study, the conditions of urban valleys and recurrent vegetation in the environment were determined. Then, by simulation with the mentioned software, the thermal conditions created in summer and winter in urban valleys were studied and compared. The results show that broadleaf (deciduous) trees performed better under all four directions in summer and reduced pmv by a maximum of 2.5 units. In winter, coniferous (evergreen) trees protect the passages from the wind. The winter cold provided better comfort conditions based on the pmv index. Conditions were improved by a maximum of 0.3 units. However, in general, summer and winter deciduous trees provided the best conditions for thermal comfort. It is recommended that in the city of Isfahan, particularly in densely populated areas such as deep and narrow urban valleys, and on windy roads in winter (with east-west and northeast-south direction) conifers and leaf trees be planted. At the start of passages, conifers should be planted to control the speed and intensity of winter winds.

The arts industry is a tool to help create new economic foundation for future economic growth that attracts many creative people in the knowledge-based economy to create new ideas and products through entrepreneurship. Universities are considered as a stimulus and an important factor in teaching entrepreneurship to students. The purpose of this study was to present a report on the current state of art entrepreneurship education among Iranian universities of arts. The statistical population of this study consisted of 11 art professors in 3 universities of art (Isfahan / Tehran / Yazd) in the qualitative stage selected by convenience sampling. In the quantitative stage, 120 Master of Arts students were selected as a statistical sample. To gain a deeper understanding of the current educational status of art students from the perspective of professors, an exploratory and inductive research approach with a survey strategy was used and the data obtained from semi-structured interviews was analyzed using coding and manual analysis. Entrepreneurial skills were also ranked from the perspective of 120 art students using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique. The findings of this study showed evidence that art entrepreneurship education, although considered very important and necessary by professors for the professional preparation and entrepreneurship of art graduates has received less attention in universities. Finally, the practical implications of this research encourage discussions in the field of entrepreneurship in art and redesign of the curriculum.

Seljuk visual art is one of the richest examples in the history of Iranian art. Crafts such as pottery and paintings on them reached flourishing peaks in this period. Due to the Mongol destructions after the Seljuk era and natural destructive factors, there are only a few illustrated books left of this time. These resources do not provide sufficient information on the visual arts of this period. However, there are many containers related to the Seljuk era because of the persistence of pottery works against destructive factors. By examining the similarities of these two types of visual art [illustrated books and painted pottery], it was possible to take advantage of the pottery motifs of this period in investigating the visual characteristics of the Seljuk period. Relying on available resources, this study intended to discover the features of the illustrated books and the pottery of the Seljuk era as well as their similarities and differences. Thus, the visual arts of the Seljuk era and the visual roots of the art of this period were examined by comparatively studying some examples of the paintings of illustrated books remaining from this era in addition to pottery motifs of the two centers of Ray and Kashan. In order to study the visual characteristics and motifs more accurately, the two types of art were compared and presented in two tables.

In the production of many products, in particular, the production of clothing and textiles whose raw materials are made of fabric, we are faced with waste resulting from fabric cuts. Today, in many countries of the world, an important share of the gross national product is related to the clothing manufacturing sector, and the biggest challenge that this sector of the industry faces is the provision of raw materials for production. Currently, the measures taken by the country's clothing manufacturers and factories include selling these waste materials for non-expert applications and as stuffing materials for dolls and bedding to buyers or throwing them away along with garbage leading to the production of a large volume of urban garbage and environmental pollution. In this regard, the present study examined the methods of optimal use of waste materials in the laboratory in two main ways. In the first method, the product was fiber and in the second method, it was non-woven fabric. These two main methods were divided into 7 sub- methods cutting and grinding, grinding and kneading (Nemdomali), pressure and pressing, thermal (baking), thermal (melting), use of chemicals and hot fermentation. From the obtained samples, the result of these 7 methods were examined from the three main aspects of resistance, flexibility and colorability. Finally, an effective solution for recycling, according to the conditions and facilities of the production centers and with the goal of increasing economic efficiency and the correct and optimal use of discarded materials compatible with human skin is presented under the title "combined method of recycling".

In the present research, the effect of packaging as the first factor with four levels without packaging or control, cellophane, metallized transparent envelope and nano plastic and storage time as the second factor including levels of the first, second, third and fourth week on some mechanical properties including the breaking force, deformation, stiffness, breaking energy and critical bending of cucumber were investigated and determined in the form of a factorial experiment based on a completely random design. Excessive spoilage and softening of control samples caused them to be removed in the third and fourth weeks during the experiments. The results showed that the type of packaging was significant only on critical bending at the level of 5% and had no effect on other parameters.  The interaction effect of packaging type and storage time on the parameters of rupture force, displacement, stiffness, rupture energy and critical bending of cucumber had different results. The lowest critical bending value (0.435 cm-1) and the highest stiffness value (0.18 N/mm) at the end of the fourth week were related to the metallized package samples. In addition, the results showed that the method of packaging in a metallized transparent envelope can preserve the quality of the product and increase the shelf life compared to other tested methods.

This study was performed to design, construct and evaluate an off-center hydraulic vibratory harvesting machine. A single-degree of freedom spring-mass model was established to determine the natural frequency, damping constant, damping coefficient and stiffness based on mechanical properties of the limb. Then, to evaluate the efficiency of machine in terms of apple removal, a factorial experiment (3 × 3 × 3) with completely randomized design was conducted to investigate the shaking amplitude, shaking frequency and shaking time of apple removal. Three levels of oscillating frequency (20, 25 and 30 Hz), three levels of shaking amplitude (50, 60 and 70 mm) and three shaking times (5, 10 and 15 seconds) were investigated. Analysis of the variance of the fruit removal percentage showed that both shaking frequency and shaking amplitude had highly significant (p <0.01) effect on fruit detachment. Interactive effect of amplitude and frequency on fruit removal had a significant effect. By increasing vibration frequency in tree, a significant effect was not obtained but in the range above 60 mm, the effect of increasing the frequency was highly significant. Therefore, in apple harvesting, the effect of increasing the shaking amplitude relative to the shaking frequency on fruit removal was determined. Furthermore, the study of the relationship between the static force of detachment and weight was fitted as a linear relationship. By increasing the shaking time from 5 seconds to 10 seconds, harvesting increased while increasing the time from 10 to 15 seconds, no significant effect was achieved. Based on the results, the harvesting frequency of sour apples equal to 25 Hz at the amplitude of 70 mm and shaking duration of 10 seconds with an average fruit removal rate of 88.4% was selected as the best treatment.

This research was conducted in order to investigate some quantitative and qualitative traits of milk thistle under the influence of delayed planting dates in 2016 at the research farm of University of Jiroft. The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The main factor in this experiment was six planting dates (November 10, December 10, January 10, Bahman 30, March 10, April 10) and the secondary factor was three ecotypes of thistle (Kashan, Sari, Malathani). The measured traits included number of Capitulum per plant, number of seed per Capitulum, Weight of 1000 Seeds, plant height, seed yield and grain oil content (%). The results showed that the effects of planting date, ecotype and their interaction on all studied traits were significant (P<0.01). Under the influence of the delay in planting, all studied traits decreased linearly and significantly (P<0.01, R2>0.85). Based on these results, the decreasing slope under the influence of delayed cultivation was different in the examined ecotypes, so that the highest and lowest absolute values of the decreasing slope were observed in Malathani and Kashan ecotypes, respectively. The results illustrated that for every 10 days of delay in planting, seed yield decreased in Malathani, Sari and Kashan ecotypes by 251.4, 239.1 and 134.6 kg per hectare, respectively. The oil percentage decreased by 0.62 and 0.31, and 0.58 percent respectively. In general, in the subtropical conditions of Jiroft, the optimal planting date is November. The comparison between ecotypes also showed that although Mulathani and Sari demonstrated the highest yield of seeds and oil on the first planting date, Sari ecotype had more yield stability during the different planting dates.