فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 36، بهار 1402)

The coronavirus outbreak in December 2019 quickly became a public health crisis, first affecting the Chinese economy and then the global economy. This issue led to the use of various models to modelling the prevalence of the virus. The present study is aimed to understand the effect of a pandemic outbreak on Iranian’s economy within the framework of a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model. To do this, after calibrating the parameters based on the quarterly information of Iran's economy during the period 1991-2016, in different scenarios and according to the persistence of health disaster risk, model simulation was performed. The results showed that the outbreak of a pandemic reduced working hours and consequently the marginal productivity of physical capital; Thus physical investment, production, and total consumption are reduced. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that the government, as a policy-maker, play a stabilizing role under pandemic disease conditions

All economic systems create and regulate their subsystems to fulfill their goals. One of the most important economic subsystems is the banking system. In Islamic texts, three main intermediate economic goals have been set for the Islamic economic system in order to achieve economic welfare, which are: security, justice and economic growth. In this analytical-descriptive research which is applied in terms of purpose, first, economic objectives of Islam i.e., economic security indicator and growth index along with economic justice have been calculated in the period 1985-2018. Then, the impact of the banking system through its facilities on these goals has been evaluated using the simultaneous equation model and the 3SLS estimation method. The results show that the facilities of the banking system have a positive effect on growth along with economic justice, but its effect on economic security is negative. Therefore, review in allocation of facilities of banking system is required for simultaneous achieving to the security and growth along with economic justice with Islamic approach

In Iran's economy, the bank interest rate (interest) is determined by order, and due to high inflation rates, the real interest rate becomes negative and financial repression occurs. In this research, the effect of increasing the interest rate of bank facilities on the macroeconomic indicators of Iran has been investigated in the form of a New Keynesian Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model. In order to achieve the goal of the research, in the form of a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, in the period of 1987-2020, we estimated the model in MATLAB 2017 software, which includes the household sector, entrepreneurs, producers, government and monetary policy. Also, in order to match the reality of the country, the oil sector was included in the model. In this research, due to the fact that the bank interest rate is mandatory, the rate of changes in the volume of deposits was entered into the model as a shock instead of the tax shock on deposit interest. The results of the research show that the shock from the deposit interest tax has caused a decrease in inflation, a decrease in consumption in the short term, a decrease in investment and an increase in production in the long term. Based on the results of the research, it is recommended to tax the interest of bank deposits in Iran.

Nowadays the world is facing challenges that are caused by the transformations resulting from the progress of science and technology and the emergence of new needs.the smart city model is a new solution that fits the advancement of ICT and meets the new needs of citizens in their urban life.This forces urban planners to review and rethink their actions. This research seeks to identify the main and key factors in the future of the smart city in Tabriz Metropolis. To do so, an attempt has been made to identify the key and effective variables in the future of the smart city of Tabriz and its compliance based on the existing goals in smart cities and the planned goals of intelligence on the horizon of 1420. Accordingly, based on the opinions of experts in this field, 55 indicators and primary factors of intelligence were localized for the metropolis of Tabriz and analyzed using Mic Mac software. Then, 16 key factors were introduced using the cross-impact matrix. The findings show that the dimensions of smart economy and smart mobility have the largest contribution as the main variables in these categories and they will play a greater impact on the smart future of Tabriz Metropolis. Based on the results, it should also be noted that achieving a smart city in Tabriz metropolis requires the formulation of a smart city strategic document along with cross-sectoral, integrated, and expert planning. It is worth noting that, in order to create and realize a smart city, an adequate foundation and infrastructure must be established in the society, so it is necessary for the officials of the Tabriz metropolis to take appropriate measures to make it a smart city

Due to the undesirable effects of incentive approaches on the service quality of electricity distribution companies, increasing attention is being paid to the quality aspect of their services in benchmarking models. Although the trade-off between service quality and cost, under the effect of implication of these approaches, does not apply to Iran, but the inclusion of service quality in efficiency analysis is still important theoretically, and also because of the possibility of such a trade-off between scale and service quality in a monopoly structure. This study examines the impact of service quality on the efficiency of Iranian electricity distribution companies, using the duration of interruption as a proxy variable for service quality, and its implication on the need to pay attention to quality in efficiency analysis and benchmarking model. Estimating the efficiency of the mentioned companies using the input-distance function method during 2011-2017 period shows that there is no statistically significant difference between the results of the efficiency analysis, with and without the inclusion of quality of service. Although the results support the pure cost approach to benchmarking, but it is still suggested that the impact of other aspects of service quality of Iranian electricity distribution companies be examined in the efficiency analysis.

The study of the impact of monetary policy on macroeconomics has a special place in the study of monetary economics. Meanwhile, after the global financial crisis, some studies have addressed the importance of uncertainty in the effectiveness of monetary policy. Given that Iran's economy is subject to numerous internal and external shocks, it is important to be aware of the role of uncertainty in the impact of monetary policy. Accordingly, the present study uses the Threshold Vector Autoregressive (TVAR) approach to examine the effectiveness of monetary policy on inflation and economic growth in Iran, considering the uncertainty during the years 2004-2018. The results showed that the effect of monetary policy on economic growth is strongly dependent on monetary policy uncertainty. As the uncertainty intensifies, the impact of monetary policy diminishes and is unpredictable. At the same time, the impact of inflation does not depend on the state of policy uncertainty. The analysis of the results provided important policy implications

Investigating investor behaviour and how the government does play a role, have a significant impact on the financial markets. Hence the e main goal of this article is to analyse the role of the emotions of investors based on the government interventions. For this purpose, by using behavioural economics and behavioural finance methods on one hand and econometric models on the other, this work is analysing the crisis of the Iranian stock exchange market in 2020. The daily data is collected from 30 large companies of the Tehran stock exchange market. The result indicates the significant impact of investors' emotions and the government performance on net money entry of real persons in the stock market. Thus, necessity of the rational behaviour of the government with respect to the stock market, along with the promotion of shareholder culture to control investors’ emotion, could be considered as one of the policy implications of this article

Financial markets, including the capital market and the money market, generally have two important functions, the formation of physical capital and the provision of working capital in the economy. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine the impact of the main variables of money and capital markets on the formation of physical capital in Iran. For this purpose, the method of self-regression patterns with distributive intervals (ARDL) and using monthly data during the period 1387.1 - 1399.3 after applying some restrictions has been used. The findings of this study confirm the effect of capital market and money market performance variables on capital formation; In a way that in the capital market model, stock market value increases, mutual funds, bond issuance, gross domestic savings and inflation have had a positive effect on capital formation; Mutual funds have no significant effect on capital formation. Contrary to expectations, the inflation variable has had a positive effect on capital formation, the most important reason being the behavior of economic actors in terms of inflation expectations; Also in the money market model, increasing interest rates on bank deposits, loans to the private sector, gross domestic savings have had a positive effect on capital formation and changes in bank interest rates have a negative effect on capital formation. The results show that in general, both money and capital markets have played an effective role in the formation of physical capital, while the money market has a specific task of providing working capital; However, some major capital market variables have not been able to play a significant role in the formation of physical capital due to infrastructure problems

This research has investigated the question, "What are the effective exogenous factors, actors and consequences of non-governmentalization of downstream oil&gas industries?" In the first step, questions according to the IAD framework were extracted by studying documents, previous researches, news and economic data. In this step, 15 elites and industrial activists were selected in a non-random way and based on the verification of elite status in the petrochemical industry and were subjected to semi-structured interviews. In the second step, the propositions extracted from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis method, with a comparative approach and based on the IAD analytical framework. Exogenous factors are divided into three categories; The first category is the characteristics of the community, which include: the weakness of the public's investment approach, the biased selection of political actors, and the desire for justice. The material/biological conditions are the second exogenous factor, which consists of: defects in the capital market and the banking sector, the necessity of the presence of non-governmental public institutions, deficiencies in the real private sector, legal deficiencies and macroeconomic policies, deficiencies in the macroeconomic sector, economic sanctions, and rate regulation deficiencies. food. The third exogenous factor is the rules. In the field of actors, 21 institutions were identified, which operate in three levels of establishment, policy and operation, and each of them performs specific tasks of macro-policy, sectoral and direct policy, food supply, management and development, etc. The derived results show that all economic goals in private downstream industries have not been achieved

The present article examines the impact of domestic and foreign shocks on the country's trade balance using the SVAR structural vector auto regression model for the years 1990-2020. According to the estimation results of the model, an impulse from the oil price and exchange rate jump of 13% and 8% will worsen the trade balance situation in the country. Also, an impulse from the years of embargo in the country's oil exports, liquidity volume and inflation rate will worsen the trade balance by 1, 4 and 32 percent, respectively. Based on the results of instantaneous response functions; The impetus from the increase in oil prices and the positive jump in the exchange rate in the first two periods has led to a decrease in the trade balance, and then in the long term, it has led to an increase and improvement in the trade balance. Considering the wide consequences of exchange rate changes on the performance of Iran's economy, exchange rate management is very important. This has become more important in the current state of the country's economy, especially with the increase in economic sanctions, the jump in the unofficial exchange rate in the open market; Therefore, it is suggested that the central bank authorities consider the effects of shocks to the exchange rate while adopting a single-rate managed floating exchange rate system instead of a fixed exchange rate mandate policy. It is also necessary to adapt other macroeconomic policies to the currency regime and use the inflation targeting policy.