نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 65 (بهار 1402)

Objection is a type of stance, the most basic use of which is to deprive a person or a group of people who have been sued of a sense of security. The degree of impact of protest is different according to its type. One of the most effective types of protest is in the form of poetry; Because poets, by expressing their protests, play a significant role in awakening people and bringing society out of depression. This essay focuses on comparing the protest poems of two contemporary Palestinian and Iranian poets named Samih al-Qasim and Alireza Qazweh. The authors' effort has been to examine the commonalities and differences of the poems of these two poets, based on the American school of comparative literature, using the descriptive-analytical method. The obtained results show that the type of literature of Samih al-Qassem is mixed with helplessness and incapacity, which shows his despair, but Alireza Qazwa criticized international institutions from a position of power and with a kind of determination, which shows his hope and this hope. And the disappointment is caused by the social atmosphere of these two poets; From the point of view of Samih al-Qasim, due to the lack of a suitable platform, the impact of poetic concepts has been minimized and ultimately led to the poet's disappointment.

Sometimes the poet makes a speech for himself through words that are symbols, symbols, and symbols, and thus does not need to elaborate on various topics. Color, as the most prominent element in the realm of senses, has long been the focus of human attention and has always fascinated the human spirit and soul. Colors play a major role in the expression of people's experiences, in addition to their subtle meanings. Today, color is the most important element in the emergence of artistic creativity and productivity, and poets as creators of the cosmos of the creative world have used colorful words to make poetic images more explicit, in order to explain the inexpressible notions of the symbolic space of their poems. They win. Understanding the properties and effects of colors in a real space, flanking, coding, and myths can reveal many hidden secrets or convey messages to the audience. Therefore, in the poetry of sustainability, the use of color element reflects the aspirations and aspirations of the poets. Shahriar and Jewehery have also created mysterious associations with cultural, religious and historical contexts, using colors, especially red as one of the important components of imagination in their poems. Using an analytical-descriptive approach and relying on the American school of comparative literature, this essay attempts to explain the function of red in the poems of the two poets. The findings of this study indicate that in the poetry of both poets, red indicates martyrdom, resurrection, protest, perseverance and perseverance.

Symbolic expression is considered as one of the most delicate artistic techniques among various elements of imagination, one of the main language structures in contemporary poetry. Meanwhile, the element of night has a different meaning in contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry; In such a way that the night atmosphere and its special situation have caused different readings among the singers of the two languages. Using this natural symbol in order to express protest against the existing situation is one of the functions of the night in the poetry of two languages; By using this symbolic capacity, poets express their objection to the darkness and suffocation of the situation. In this essay, with a comparative approach and analytical-descriptive method, by choosing three poets from contemporary Arabic poetry (Bayati, Siyabb and Boland Heydari) and three poets from contemporary Persian poetry (Nima, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Akhwan) to examine the symbolism of the symbol of the night. We will pay as a protest symbol.

One of the most important elements in the emergence of artistic creativity is the use of color. In fact, color is one of the special elements that can reveal many secrets and achieve many hidden secrets through knowing its characteristics and effects. Poets, as aestheticians of the universe, have used colors in their poetic images and sometimes used them to explain the inexpressible concepts and symbolic space of their poems.In this research, which has been carried out using a library method, while presenting poetic evidence from the poems of Ferdowsi Toosi and Bashar Ben Bard as the studied poets who have used colors in some way, analyzing the methods and how they use color in literature, symbolism and rhetoric (especially of black and white color) in inducing the message to the audience.The results of the research show that black and white colors in these poems of Ferdowsi and Basharban have a high frequency compared to other colors. Ferdowsi and Bashar Ben Bard have made good use of the huge capacity of colors to convey their thoughts, intentions and messages in various social, cultural, religious and political fields in a real, ironic, symbolic and mythological space to their audience.

Psychological analysis of character is one of the basic approaches of contemporary literary criticism. Great psychoanalysts such as Freud, Jung and Adler have studied personality psychologically. Karen Horne's opinions and opinions are based on Freud's ideas and expands these concepts with a little difference that Freud's ideas have in the biological field. In this research, using the descriptive and analytical method, we have compared the poems of Simin Behbahani and Ghade Alsman based on Karen Horne's theory of personality types. This research aims to answer the question that the personality of the two poets in question can be adapted to which personality type of Karen Horne's psychoanalysis according to their poems.The results of the research show that due to the high frequency of the love theme in the poems of these two poets and boredom with society, the personality types of these two poets are loving and solitary. Both poets, in the field of theme, are disgusted by the social stereotypes of the time and the romantic parameters that lead women to monopoly and subjugation, and they consider the surrounding world as unqualified to give authenticity to women's experiences and feelings, so according to Horne's opinions, these atrocities, Oppression and pressure have caused them to take refuge inside, isolation and idealism, and that is why love is considered one of the ideals raised in the poems of two poets.

 Man attains the point of perfection with morality and politeness, and science is like a ladder to reach the peak of morality, and this is possible when it is accompanied by knowledge. Knowledge, or in other words, mysticism, is a completely moral concept that the mystic paves the way to achieve with his mystical works. Many writers and mystics are taking this step. Iran has been the cradle and origin of mystical poets who have been a turning point in the history of mysticism by creating Islamic mystical works. Attar Neyshabouri is one of the Iranian poets who is known as a pole in the axis of Islamic mysticism. Therefore, this study aims to introduce Attar's method by describing Attar's analysis of the position of Attar in Islamic mysticism and his role in acquainting the people of East and West with Islamic mysticism and the extent of its influence and reflection in the literature of these two areas. Pay. Based on the results of this study, it can be said that the influence of Attar's mystical thought and poetry on Eastern and Western literature is not less than the influence of Islam on hearts; Because Attar's mysticism is a mixture of moral and Islamic themes with Eastern spirit and psyche. For this reason, the study of perfumery among Eastern and Western writers and poets is due to their inspiration and mystical tendency towards Attar's mystical taste.

The roots of the cultural, literary and religious commonalities of Iran and India can be traced back to the distant past, and many of the themes and allegories used in Iranian and Indian mystical texts are similar. The similarities between Islamic Sufism and the mysticism of other nations of the world are undoubtedly very noteworthy. Although there are common features in the experiences of world mysticism, one should not expect them to be expressed in the same words always and everywhere. This article examines the similarities between some of the customs and rituals of the two mystical schools of Islam and India. From a careful study of Indian sources and Persian Sufi books, there are many similarities in educational methods and conduct, the most important of which are: the value of human existence and its importance in mystical literature of Iran and India, the manifestation of love and knowledge in mysticism Iranian and Indian, the multiplicity of houses and authorities of conduct, the value and importance of the position of the heart, the value of the position of old man and mentor, asceticism and austerity, struggle against the soul, the theory of annihilation.

Story analysis is the newest method of literary research. It has been the focus of scholars' attention. Many articles such as Comparative Literature by Jafar Hamidi, a faculty member of Shahid Beheshti University, a comparative study of the "design" element in ancient and modern Iranian and world fiction by Mansoureh Sharifzadeh, a faculty member of the Institute of Humanities and the Ministry of Science, have been published in the Journal of Comparative Literature. The formalist method, which led to the school of structuralism, was effective in the research of scholars. The influential figure of the formalist method is Vladimir Propp. Obama studied fairy tales in an attempt to break the story down into the smallest structural unit (thirty-one selfies) and relate it to the whole story. Prop method is the best way to analyze and classify the structure of their epic stories. This article examines the diagram of Propp's work and his method in the story of Alexander and Dara's military honor to determine the extent to which Propp's theory fits into this story. The result of the study shows that the story can be examined with the morphological works of Propp. The story is a movement from balance to imbalance to the final catastrophe. "Achieving" and "failing" are the two basic actions of the story that Alexander seeks to achieve justice and to some extent achieves the position of a prophet. The water of life does not reach the narcissism of the story (conflict and victory); (Conflict and failure).

Intertextuality is one of the new topics in literary criticism that deals with the relationship and interaction between texts. According to this theory, any text makes sense with the texts before it and no text is independent and conscious or unconscious speakers have benefited from each other's literary and intellectual sources. Intertextuality was first proposed by Julia Kristova, and later Geragent, as one of the most influential researchers in the field, developed this theory by examining his studies. Genet called his collection of studies transmittent. He divided the transtextuality into five categories, which are: intertextuality, paratextuality, hypertextuality, supertextuality, hypertextuality. Each of these five categories examines a type of relationship between a text and others. Among which intertextuality received more attention. This study has analyzed the effectiveness of the "Unseen Witness" manuscript of Abdolrahman Jami's "Yousef and Zuleikha" Masnavi based on the intertextual approach. The fruits of this research show that although these two works are completely different in terms of subject matter, but they have a lot in common in terms of text, verbal structure and narrative. And the author of "The Unseen Witness" has been influenced by Jami's thoughts and ideas in "Haft Orang", especially his "Bosef and Zuleikha", and intertextual relations are explicitly, explicitly and implicitly.

Monotheism as the central pillar of Islam was profit Mohammad’s mission and vision statements. If monotheism wouldn’t be the front and center, the other pillars of Islam couldn’t be persuaded. Monotheism is the most important doctrine amongst Muslim mystics as Joneid Baghdadi,Molana referred to it as a prosperous topic in discussions on related subject matters. Each person has a special attitude towards the category of monotheism and puts himself in a way to reach it. Mental silence and thinking in the horizons and souls from the point of view of mystics is one of the best ways to understand monotheism. Khajeh Abdollah Ansari, one of the most well-known Muslim Sufi saints, had monotheism in all his work and publications. Attar Neishabouri also beautifully brought monotheism and pantheism into his magnificent versified literature. Attar Neishabouri (passed away 618 Hejri Ghamari) was a mystic poet who explicitly and gorgeously teased apart the monotheism in detail. This research intends to conduct a comparative analysis on Attar Neishabouri’s and Khajeh Abdollah Ansari’s literature and poems.

One of the most important topics that Eastern philosophers and mystics have dealt with is the problem of anthropology, and one of the important components related to it is the knowledge of death, love and the science of man. Different schools and theories are confused in this matter. Studying about these issues will resolve some mental ambiguities and choose the right path in life. The current research has been done with the aim of examining the human being from the perspective of Rumi and Iqbal Lahori with an approach to science, death and love in a library method.The current research has been done with the aim of examining the human being from the perspective of Rumi and Iqbal Lahori with an approach to science, death and love in a library method. Findings of the research: From the similarities in the thoughts of the two poets: they consider acquiring knowledge as one of the important and influential factors in improving human status. Rumi believes in three sciences, empirical science, job science and Sufi science. His attention is to Sufi science. But Iqbal believes in acquired and present knowledge. Regarding death, both poets consider death and immortality inevitable for all human beings. Rumi considers the type of life and death of a person as a reflection of the conscience and heart of a person, but Iqbal says: true immortality is desirable when a person knows the existential essence of the concept of self. According to both of them, love comes from God.

 Jalal Al-Ahmad (1923-1969) and Madame de Staël (1717-1817) are among prominent writers of Iranian and French literature respectively. Their eras were similar in numerous ways: literature, society and culture, eventually leading to a contrast between German Romanticism and French Classicism in Germany by Madame de Staël, and east and west in Westernization by Jalal al-Ahmad. Analogy is one of the common aspects of these two works. The presence of looking at “the other” in the writings of these two authors is an influential factor in the evaluation of the “self”. The main goal of this study is to examine how Pierre Brunel’s theory of law of emergence can be applied to the the ideas of Al-Ahmad and Madame de Staël. this study takes a comparative approach to the analysis of “self” and “the other” in these two books, defining the affinity and contradiction between a society that “looks” and a society that is “looked at”. Also, the factors leading to this intellectual resemblance is identified and examined.

In the name of Allah, the compassionate the merciful AbstractProverbs nations, in addition to advice and advice from educational and social expression, often indicative of mood and character in them as well as a figurative and metaphoric meanings are expressed and sometimes explicit. The wise sayings, sometimes tinged with superstition, myth and legend thoughts and emotions raw or appearing, all signs of the depth and breadth of scientific or non-scientific and mythical beliefs and feelings sacrifice. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Kerman common wisdom in promoting culture is the people of this land. For this purpose, an analytical approaches to the study of wisdom prevalent in the city of Kerman and historical this adage we have examined. In the end, the conclusion concerning the effect of the historical roots of cultural diffusion has been studied.