مجله زیست شناسی جانوری
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (تابستان 1402)

The origin of cellular life is still unknown. According to Darwin's evolutionary theory that all species of life, due to the process of natural selection, originated from a common ancestor, some have assumed the origin of life to be a random process during which life evolved from non-living materials such as simple organic compounds to has come into existence. The prevailing hypothesis is that the transition from non-living organisms to living organisms was not a single event, but a complex evolutionary process that began after the formation of the Earth after the Big Bang, as a result of the transformation of inorganic molecules into organic molecules. And then with the spontaneous creation of organic molecules with the ability of self-replication, assembly, autocatalysis and then the emergence of cell membrane, nature has been able to choose the best compounds that have the ability to expand on earth and become prokaryotic cells and in the later stages as The ancestors of eukaryotic cells expanded to live on earth. In this research, the different dimensions of the probability of the random emergence of the primary cell are explained and the challenges related to them are examined from different aspects of the sciences of cell biology and genetics.

This research was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of vitamin E and the type of dietary fat on the growth performance and qualitative traits of meat of Japanese quail. The experiment was conducted with 320 one-day-old quails in the form of a completely randomized design with 20 experimental units including 5 treatments, 4 repetitions and 16 quail chicks (male and female) in each repetition. Experimental treatments include: 1. basic diet without vitamins and fat (control), 2. Basic diet containing 2% soybean oil, 3. Basic diet containing 2% tallow oil, 4. Basic diet containing 2% soybean oil and 200 mg/kg vitamin E 5. The basic diet contained 2% tallow oil and 200 mg/kg of vitamin E. The weight of the quails was measured at the end of each week and the feed consumed in each week was determined. On day 35, two birds were selected and slaughtered from each experimental unit and thigh and breast meat samples from both birds were used to evaluate meat quality parameters. The results showed that in the first and second week, fat and vitamin E did not affect the weight of the birds (p > 0.05). In the third, fourth and fifth week and the whole period, the level of 2% tallow oil and 200 mg of vitamin E caused an increase in the weight of the birds compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). In the third, fourth and fifth weeks, the lowest feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were observed in birds that received 2% level of tallow oil and soybean oil along with 200 mg of vitamin E. The effect of experimental treatments on pH, humidity, storage capacity and Malon dialdehyde was not significant (p > 0.05). In general, the use of 2% tallow oil along with 200 mg/kg of vitamin E in the diet of birds improved the growth performance.

The flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst is one of the most important pests damaging cereals specially wheat and lowering the quality and quantity of the production directly and indirectly each year. This study had done in order to investigate the toxicity effect of two essential oils of Cichorium intybus and Utrica dioica in different treatment duration (24, 48 and 72 hours) on mortality of larval and adult stages of T. castaneum. The experiments were done at entomology laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz during 2018, based on a complete randomized design in 25 ± 1°C and 60 ± 5 % of humidity. Investigation had done in 4 replications and 25 insects per unit. Based on LC50 value from probit analysis of mortality percent in T. confusum 72 hour after treatment, least LC50 belong to larvae and application of C. intybus essential oil. In response to essential oil of both medicinal plant, least LC50 value observed in larval stage. In this investigation increasing treatment time, decreased LC50 value. Results of line-effects showed that sensitivity of two stage to C. intybus is the same. But adult insect of T. confusum in lower concentration were more sensitive V. dioica essential oil. Also in higher concentrations there were less difference between these two stage to V. dioica essential oil that shows higher concentrations of V. dioica cause more effective death in adults than larval stage.

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been used as the material of choice in joint replacement prosthesis as an articular component for several years. Despite its distinct physical and chemical characteristics, the lifespan of this polymer is limited. One approach to increase the lifespan and mechanical properties is the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are promising candidates for use as a filler phase in polymers due to their excellent mechanical properties and excellent surface-to-volume ratio. In this research, the addition of 0.1% by weight of multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with carboxyl groups was investigated on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of the UHMWPE base matrix and its comparison with the pure UHMWPE sample. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of characteristic peaks of UHMWPE and carbon nanoparticle in the matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed an increase in the intensity of the characteristic peaks of the composite compared to the pure sample. The differential scanning calorimetry test (DSC) showed an increase of about 10% in the crystallinity of the composite containing carbon nanotubes (PE/MWCNT). The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) showed an increase of about 22% in the storage modulus compared to the control sample, and finally, the cell viability through the cell culture test in the PE/MWCNT composite showed a 15 % increase in cell viability. According to mechanical and biocompatibility results, the composite sample can perform better in terms of mechanical loads in bearing surfaces compared to pure UHMWPE.

The present study was conducted to investigate the possibility of using two-component oral coating of sodium caseinate and marjoram extract on fat and oxidative corrosive indices of silver fish at refrigerator temperature. These coatings included: coating with sodium caseinate and marjoram extract with dilution of 1 and 2% and non-extracted sodium caseinate. In order to investigate the effect of coatings, a group was considered as control and non-coating treatment. Fish fillets are immersed in the prepared solution for each treatment and then at room temperature to make the coating appropriate on them. The measurement of chemical parameters of FFA, TVN, TBA, PV and FAT was performed on zero, five and fifteen days. Based on the data obtained in FFA values, there was no significant difference in the zero day between treatments. But in the fifth, tenth and fifteenth days, there was a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.05). For TVN values, there was no significant difference in zero day between treatments, but in the fifth and fifteenth days, there was a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.05). For TBA values, there was no significant difference in the zero day between treatments, but this difference was significantly observed on the fifth, tenth and fifteenth days between treatments (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in the zero day for PV values. During the fifth, tenth and fifteenth days, there was a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.05). Based on data, this process was repeated for FAT values.

CYP3A4 gene is located on chromosome 7 and the largest number of substrates among cytochrome p450 enzymes belongs to it. The CYP3A4 gene is present in the endoplasmic reticulum of all tissues except the brain, although the main place of accumulation of its protein is in the liver and prostate. Because there have not been many studies on the polymorphisms of this gene, especially in Iran, this study was conducted in order to investigate the C23237T polymorphism of Cyp3a4 gene in 103 healthy male and female subjects aged 7 months to 79 years-old in the west of Mazandaran. In this research, whole blood was collected from healthy male and female individuals in the western cities of Mazandaran province. For each person, information related to age, sex, family history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and the patient's medication were recorded. ARMS-PCR technique was used in this study. Data analysis was done using SPSS 2016 software and chi square test. The significant level of polymorphism relationship with gender and age of people was considered as p < 0.05. The results of the research showed that 70 people had the heterozygous status of the mutated AG genotype, the frequency of which was 67.96%. There was no significant relationship between genotype frequency and patients' age. Also, there is no significant relationship between C23237T polymorphism of Cype3a4 gene with age (p = 0.81) and gender (p = 0.845). According to the results of this research, it can be considered that people in any age group and with any gender have the same probability of contracting the disease.

Alzheimer's disease is a type of brain dysfunction in which the patient's mental abilities, including memory gradually decline. The formation of neurofibrillary tangles inside neurons caused by hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins is a major cause of dementia-related diseases such as Alzheimer's. The aim of this study was to study tau protein in the brain and tau gene expression in both the serum level and brain tissue of Wistar Alzheimer's rats treated with probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium purified from yogurt. In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 6): The control group, the group of Alzheimer's-induced rats, the Sham group, and the two experimental groups in which the Alzheimer's-induced rats received the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Bifidobacterium longum at a dose of 2.5 × 109 CFU for one month, respectively. Tau gene expression and protein were analyzed by Real Time PCR and histopathology, respectively. The results of this study showed that both strains, especially Bifidobacterium longum, were able to reduce Tau gene expression in brain tissue and blood serum compared to Alzheimer's group. Also, both strains, especially Bifidibacterium longum, exhibited capability in inhibiting Tau neurofibrillary tangles. It seems that the probiotic strains Limosilactobacillu sreuetri and Bifidobacterium longum can be good candidates for reducing the Tau gene expression as well as Tau neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease.

Psychological dependence on substances is the desire to consume substances or something that has pleasurable effects and produces satisfaction. Various substances cause this dependence. Previous studies indicate the possible effect of risperidone on the brain reward system and the involvement of different receptors in conditioned place preference (CPP). Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim of investigating the effect of risperidone on the induction of psychological dependence and the number of hippocampal neurons. For this study, 40 male Wistar rats with a weight range of 230-280 grams were used. Risperidone was injected intraperitoneally with doses of 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg. At the end of the hippocampus experiments, the animals were taken out and fixed by formalin, then cut and after staining, they were used for histological evaluation and neuronal counting. The results of this study showed that the administration of risperidone with a dose of 2 and 4 mg/kg causes a significant increase in CPP (p < 0.05). Also, in histological evaluation, no neuronal destruction was observed in all risperidone groups (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg). According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that risperidone in higher doses causes an increase in conditioned place preference and learning and dependence and should be considered in treatment.

Serum leptin levels have a very important and decisive role in controlling body weight and fat mass due to its effect on appetite and the ability to reduce energy intake and the amount of physical activity with the ability to increase energy consumption. Consumption of some herbal anti-obesity compounds such as cinnamon can also be effective and useful in reducing body fat mass and controlling obesity. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining whether six weeks of aerobic exercise and consumption of cinnamon extract has an effect on leptin gene expression in adipose tissue of male rats fed with a high-fat diet. Consumption of cinnamon extract (200 mg/kg of body weight) and high-fat food (150 ml of high-fat food emulsion in excess of the daily diet) five days a week on leptin gene expression in adipose tissue of male rats fed with the diet High-fat food was carried out in the form of a multi-group research project with a control group. Real Time-PCR method was used to check the gene or mRNA expression of the desired proteins. The variables were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni, and one-sample t tests at a significance level of p < 0.05. According to the results, the effects of high-fat diet, the combination of high-fat diet and aerobic exercise, the combination of high-fat diet and cinnamon, and the combination of high-fat diet and aerobic exercise and cinnamon on the variable of leptin in adipose tissue were significant and significant, so that the consumption of high-fat food caused adverse changes in the expression of this gene, but six weeks of exercise and consumption of cinnamon extract moderated the adverse effects of a high-fat diet and produced favorable changes in the expression of this gene and body weight and fat tissue weight. In addition, the combination of six weeks of exercise and cinnamon extract has far more favorable effects in modulating the adverse effects of diet on the expression of this gene.

Carvacrol is a natural monoterpene phenol which retains significant antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activity. However, the effect of carvacrol on oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury has not yet been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of carvacrol on lipopolysaccharides-induced renal oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in male rats. Male Wistar rats (weighing 200 to 250 g, n=7 each group) were divided into the following groups: 1) control, 2) LPS, 3) LPS+carvacrol 25 mg/kg, 4) LPS+carvacrol 50 mg/kg and 5) LPS+carvacrol 100 mg/kg. For inducing acute kidney injury, 1 mg/kg LPS was injected intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. Carvacrol was administered intraperitoneally 30 minutes prior LPS injection. After preparation of renal homogenates, levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and oxidative stress indexes (malondialdehyde, total thiol, catalase and Superoxide dismutase activity) were detected by ELISA and spectrophotometric methods, respectively. Our results showed that LPS injection increased malondialdehyde and IL-1β while, it reduced total thiol, catalase and SOD activity in the renal tissue. But, pretreatment with carvacrol not only decreased malondialdehyde and IL-1β levels but also increased total thiol, catalase and SOD activity. Simple regression analysis revealed that MDA was positively correlated with IL-1β level). However, there was a significant negative correlation between MDA level and total thiol, SOD and CAT activities. Our results showed that carvacrol protects the kidney by reducing IL-1β and preventing oxidative stress in the renal tissue.enal tissue.

Recognition of resistance and susceptibility of problematic bacteria such as Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout farms, in proper selection of antibiotics and infection control in breeding ponds. It plays an effective role. In this study, 100 diseased fish were collected from rainbow trout farms in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province and after performing biochemical tests and purification of Aeromonas hydrophila and Yersinia ruckeri species, using PCR test with specific primers were finally approved. Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria was investigated by disk diffusion method by culture on Müller-Hinton agar medium. Examination of the results of antibiogram of Aeromonas hydrophila isolates showed that the highest resistance was related to the antibiotics ampicillin (100%), colistin (80%), enrofloxacin (80%), flumquin (80%) and then, Compared to tetracycline (60%) and fluorophenicol (60%) antibiotics. The most sensitive isolates were related to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%) and phosphomycin (60%) antibiotics. Examination of the antibiogram results of Yersinia ruckeri isolates showed that the highest resistance among the isolates was related to the antibiotics ampicillin (100%), erythromycin (100), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (100%) and colistin (83.34%) and then showed about 67% resistance to tetracycline, fluorophenicol and phosphomycin antibiotics. Resistance to the antibiotics flumequin, lincomycin + spectinomycin (lincospectin) and enrofloxacin were also observed to be 50%, which means that none of these antibiotics would be a viable option for the treatment of bacterial infections caused by Yersinia ruckeri. In order to avoid growing bacterial resistance and to take the most effective decision in terms of antibiotic therapy, usage of antibiotics without antibiogram must be avoided.
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ginseng root extract (Panax ginseng) on the histomorphometric and biochemical characteristics of the intestinal wall in rainbow trout. Study carried out during 60 days within 4 experiments, each with 3 replicates. In each replication 60 pcs of fry with average weight of 15gr. were randomly distributed. The experimental groups were fed with aqueous extract of P. Ginseng at 100, 150 & 200 gr./kg. diet respectively. Tissue samples from the proximal and distal segments of the intestine were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff and alcin blue stains. Results showed that by increasing the amount of ginseng up to 150 grams per 100 kg of diet, the length of the intestinal folds and the absorption area significantly increased in both the proximal and distal segments of the intestine (p < 0.05). The thickness of the muscular layer in the groups receiving ginseng did not show a statistically significant difference compared to the control group (p > 0.05). The total number of goblet cells as well as the number of acid mucus producing cells in the distal part of the intestine in the groups receiving ginseng increased significantly compared to the control (p < 0.05), but the amount of these parameters in the proximal part of the intestine did not show a statistically significant difference in the groups receiving ginseng compared to the control group (p > 0.05). The increase in the total number of goblet cells in the groups receiving ginseng in the distal part of the intestine is mainly due to the increase in the number of goblet cells producing acidic mucins in this part of the intestine, and the number of cells producing neutral and mixed mucins did not show a statistically significant difference in the groups receiving ginseng compare to the control group (p > 0.05).
 
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Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major complication in many clinical problems such as liver resection, liver transplantation, and trauma. p-coumaric acid from the polyphenol group obtained from cinnamic acid derivatives can reduce oxidative stress, infarction and nerve damage in the brain after ischemia-reperfusion. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the protective effect of p-coumaric acid on the level of TNF-α and bilirubin due to lesions caused by liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. In this study, out of 40 rats in 5 groups of 8 (sham group, control group (NC), induction of ischemia-reperfusion (IR-CO), pretreatment group with p-coumaric acid (PC) and group of p-coumaric acid with induction of ischemia-reperfusion. (PC-IR) was used. The sham and ischemia-reperfusion induction groups received 7% DMSO (2 ml/kg), the control group received 2 ml/kg of normal saline, and the pretreatment group with p-coumaric acid. and p-coumaric acid by inducing ischemia-reperfusion, they received p-coumaric acid (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. Then sham, NC and PC groups underwent laparotomy. PC-IR and IR-CO groups in addition to laparotomy They were subjected to 45 minutes of ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion. Blood samples were taken for the biochemical analysis of liver enzymes, bilirubin and TNF-α. The results showed that ischemia-reperfusion injury causes liver function disorders by increasing the level of bilirubin and TNF-α. Also, p-coumaric acid has decreased the serum level of bilirubin and TNF-α in the liver tissue. Picoumaric acid has decreased the level of bilirubin and inflammatory factor TNF-α. p-coumaric acid with anti-inflammatory properties is a very strong agent against oxidative damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion in liver tissue.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of different levels of garden thyme and mint powder on production performance and egg quality of native chickens. The present experiment was conducted with 150 pieces of native chicken in the form of a completely random design with 5 treatments and 5 repetitions and 6 pieces of native chicken in each repetition. The experimental treatments are: treatment (A): basic diet without addition of garden thyme or mint (control treatment); treatment (B): adding 1% levels of garden thyme powder to the base diet; treatment (C): adding 1% of mint powder to the basic diet; treatment (D): adding 0.75% garden thyme powder along with 0.75% mint powder to the basic diet; and treatment (E): addition of 0.5% garden thyme powder along with 0.5% mint powder to the base diet. The results of the experiment showed that the percentage of egg production in the periods of 1-28, 28-56, 56-84 days and the whole production period of 1-84 days increased in the fifth treatment compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the weight of egg production in the periods of 1-28, 56-84 days and the whole production period of 1-84 days; However, in the period of 28-56 days, the level of birds that received 1% mint was higher (p < 0.05). The weight of the egg mass in all the tested laying periods in the birds receiving garden thyme and mint was higher than the control treatment (p < 0.05). The parameters of egg quality traits in birds receiving garden thyme and mint were significant compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). Generally, the results of this experiment showed that the use of garden thyme and mint powder at the level of 0.5% of the basic diet of local chickens will improve the productivity and quality of eggs.
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In recent years, the use of nanoparticles in diagnosis, drug delivery and treatment has received much attention due to the small size of these particles and the increase in the surface-to-volume ratio. The most important problem when treating cancer with chemotherapy is the lack of access to the central parts of the mass due to its less blood supply. The purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan/alginate biopolymer on melanoma cancer cells of Hep G2 cells. In this research, magnetic iron nanoparticles were coated with two biopolymers, chitosan and alginate. The size and morphology of the surface of these nanoparticles were checked by size measuring device and scanning electron microscope, also the binding of functional groups of chitosan and alginate to magnetic iron nanoparticles was checked by infrared spectrometer. It was treated using magnetic iron nanoparticles and modified nanoparticles for 24 hours and the IC50 concentration of the compounds was estimated. The toxic properties of these nanoparticles were evaluated by MTT test and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Examining the photos of the scanning electron microscope and the size measuring device showed a size of 50 nm for the modified iron nanoparticles. The shape of these nanoparticles was observed to be completely round and spherical. Biological investigations of nanoparticles definitely confirmed the effective coating of nanoparticles by chitosan and alginate biopolymers. According to the findings, magnetic iron nanoparticles had higher toxic effects depending on the concentration and their IC50 concentration was about 134 μM/ml, while the coated nanoparticles had significantly lower toxic effects and at concentrations below 25 μM/ml, they had no significant toxicity on Hep G2 cells.
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Congenital hypoplastic anemia or Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) usually occurs in the first year of life, and most patients with DBA survive until the age of six. For every one million live births, five to seven babies are affected by this disease. In 80-85% of cases, this disorder is caused by mutation of the ribosomal protein gene, and in about 25% of these cases, the RPS19 gene is the cause of this condition. The defect of this gene can disrupt the balance of blood cells, which appears as normocytic anemia, severe anemia, and macrocytic changes, along with a decrease in reticulocytes in the bone marrow. Patients need long-term corticosteroids. Whole exome sequencing of the blood sample of a patient with DBA was performed. The pathogenic mutation was investigated in the patient, his family and 30 people. The three-dimensional structure of the protein was evaluated using homology modeling and the interaction of the mutated protein with other proteins in the 40S ribosomal subunit. Peripheral blood test revealed a mutation on exon 3 of PRS19 gene (H42fs c.126-127 ins TA NM-00102) and chromosomal region 19q13.2. This mutation was autosomal dominant, during which amino acid number 42 of histidine was converted into a stop codon and a shortened protein was produced. The behavior of this protein with the PRS18 gene in healthy and mutated states shows that when the mutation occurs in PRS19, the amino acids Leu45, Ala46, Pro47, Tyr48, Asp49, Glu50 and Trp52, which are important residues connected are converted to RPS18, they are no longer present in this protein. Therefore, the binding of truncated RPS19 to RPS18 is significantly reduced. Although it seems that the presence of these residues may not prevent the interaction of RPS19 with RPS16 in the mutant state, it is possible that the mutant protein disrupts the spatial arrangement of other proteins and affects the interactions. affect them.

Glycyrrhiza Glabra is a Mediterranean perennial plant that its extract has glucose, asparagine, albumin materials, flavonoids, antioxidants, resins and so on, due to the presence of important medical and nutritional compounds, it has been considered by pharmaceutical and food industries. On the other hand, the existence of numerous therapeutic effects of licorice, as well as the identification of the potential protective role of licorice against Covid-19 disease and the increase in its consumption, increases the importance of investigating the effects of licorice consumption on other body systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on sperm parameters and blood testosterone levels in male rate. Twenty-eight adult male rats, ranging in weight from 180 to 200 g were divided into four groups include control and three treatment groups which every group received 100, 200 or 300 doses of alcoholic extract by gavage daily for 10 days. The results of this study showed that the oral consumption of alcoholic extract of licorice plant at the rate 100 and 200 mg per body weight had no significant effect on sperm parameters and serum testosterone levels (p > 0.05) and only consumption of 300 mg/kg of body weight caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the average number of live sperms and their motility, as well as a significant decrease in the serum level of testosterone was observed in this dose (p < 0.05). But there was no significant effect on the weight of the testicles and the weight of the rats (p > 0.05). It seems that consuming high amounts of licorice extract has fertility-reducing effects in male rats, and this effect can be caused by the reduction of plasma testosterone.

Glioblastoma is an aggressive malignant tumor of the brain and spinal cord. Several lines of evidence indicate an important oncogenic role of highly non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules in a variety of cancers including glioma, however, the tumorigenic function of lens in glioma remains largely unclear. Increasing evidence has shown that lncRNAs, including LncRNA SNHG15, play an important role in the pathophysiology of human diseases, especially in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers. In this study, 25 paraffin tissue blocks of patients with glioblastoma multiforme and tumor margin tissue were collected and RNA extracted. Synthesis of cDNA and analysis of SNHG15 expression was done by Real-Time PCR technique. ROC curve was drawn to check the biomarker value and statistical analysis was done by GraphPad Prism v.8.0.1. An increase in the expression of SNHG15 was recorded in the tissue samples of patients compared to the tissue of the tumor margin (p < 0.0001). There was a significant relationship in the expression of this gene in patients aged more than 50 years and less than 50 years (p = 0.6573), Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital, and Other locations (P value = 0.9802), survival in more than 12 months and less than 12 months (p = 0.5007) was not observed, only in male and female sex (p = 0.0001) was registered. The expression of LncRNA SNHG15 was recorded in the tumor tissue of patients with glioblastoma multiforme more than in the peripheral tumor tissue. By examining the ROC curve, it is possible that LncRNA SNHG15 can be proposed as a biomarker, but it needs more studies.

The skin is one of the largest organs of the body and acts as a protective barrier against external harmful factors including microorganisms. It can be damaged and sometimes if the damage is too much, the hypoderm is also involved, so more time is needed for restoration. The purpose of this research is to investigate cedar plant on skin wound healing in NMRI laboratory mice. 24 mice with a weight of approximately 25-35 grams were bought and after wounding the skin on days 3, 6, 12, 21 they were treated with ointment prepared from cedar and oserin. Mice were randomly divided into three groups: sham, experimental 1, experimental 2. These groups were treated with oserin and Cedar ointment with a dose of 2 mg and 4 mg respectively. Wounds were measured after 3 weeks and their tissue was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Biochemical indices of SOD, MDA and TAC were also investigated. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 22 software and Tukey's test. The wound size in Cedar 1 and 2 groups had a significant decrease compared to oserin (p < 0.05). The concentration of MDA in cedar groups 1 and 2 had a significant decrease compared to oserin (p < 0.05). In addition, the activity of SOD and TAC were significantly increased in cedar groups 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant increase in the thickness of epidermis and dermis in cedar 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels in cedar 1 and 2 compared to oserin (p < 0.05). According to the results of the present study, it can be concluded that cedar extract was effective in wound healing by increasing SOD, TAC and decreasing MDA.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the antioxidant effect of turmeric and melatonin in three tissues of brain, liver and kidney under the same stressful conditions.For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats were kept in different conditions to induce the desired stresses.Stresses include: food restriction, change of roommate and observation in conditions of having and not having turmeric and melatonin antioxidants.The rats were kept for 10 weeks in the defined conditions for each group, and after the completion of the period, the level of glutathione present in the homogenate of the brain, liver and kidney tissues was evaluated.At first, to ensure the induction of stress, the amount of glutathione and malondialdehyde was measured and compared to the control group.The result indicated the increase of glutathione and malondialdehyde and in fact the induction of stress.The general result indicates the effectiveness and protective effect of turmeric and melatonin in inhibiting oxidative stress in all three mentioned tissues, but this effectiveness is not seen in all three tissues with the same intensity.Contrary to the fact that turmeric was able to reduce the level of malondialdehyde and prove its antioxidant role in all three tissues of the brain, liver and kidney, it could not show its antioxidant role well in the liver tissue and the amount of glutathione did not decrease.Unlike turmeric, melatonin was able to show its antioxidant role in liver tissue cells better than in brain and kidney tissue, so that it was able to reduce the level of glutathione in these two tissues.Therefore, antioxidants probably have different functions in different tissues.
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Diabetes is one of the main causes of death in developing countries. One of the ways to prevent diabetes and its complications is to do physical activity and use antioxidant supplements. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and stevia on fetuin b, pentraxin 3 and GDF-15 in plasma and insulin resistance in type 1 diabetic rats. For this purpose, 25 type 1 diabetic mice were divided into 5 groups: healthy control, diabetes control, supplemental diabetes, training diabetes, and training-supplement diabetes. The training program of the rats was for a period of 65 days, with a speed of 20 to 30 m/min and an intensity of 10-25 m/min. Stevia dosage was 250 mg per kilogram of body weight by gavage. Mice were killed 48 hours after the last training session and blood sampling was done. To compare between groups, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used. Examining the changes between groups showed that there is a significant difference between the groups for fetoin b, pentraxin 3 and plasma GDF-15 (p < 0.001). Examining the changes between groups showed that fetoin B and GDF-15 had a significant increase and pentraxin had a significant decrease in the healthy group compared to the diabetic group (p < 0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the diabetes control group and the supplement and exercise groups in all indicators (p < 0.001. The results of the present study showed that aerobic exercise and stevia supplementation can decrease fetoin b and GDF-15 and increase pentraxin 3 in type 1 diabetic rats. These improvements were better in the group that took exercise and supplementation at the same time.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the artery that is mainly known by arterial wall thickening. The use of medicine herbs with minimal side effects in hypercholesterolemia treatment and removal of atherosclerotic plaque is important. The aim of the present study was to investigate the comparative effect of simvastatin with methanolic extract and hyoscyamoside extracted from Hyoscyamus niger plant on APO A gene expression in Wistar atherosclerosis male rats.Forty Wistar male rats weighing approximately 180 gr (at the beginning of the experiment) were prepared and randomly divided into 5 groups including 8 (control, sham, experimental 1, 2 and 3). All groups (except control) received fatty foods (1% cholesterol) in addition to 2% cholesterol for 40 days (receiving saline water 1 mg/kg daily by control group during this period). Then, the three experimental groups were treated daily with 40 mg/kg of simvastatin, 25 mg/kg of hyoscyamoside and 25 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Hyoscyamus niger plant for 28 days, respectively. During the treatment, sham group received 1 mg/kg saline water daily. Finally, APO A gene expression was determined by blood sampling with real-time PCR tecnique in leukocytes. Also, serum lipid levels were measured by photometric method. Methanolic extract and Hyoscyamus niger plant extracted-hyoscyamoside and simvastatin were caused a significant increase in APO A gene expression in all three experimental groups compared to sham group. Also, methanolic extract was more effective than other products in increasing this gene expression. Methanolic extract of Hyoscyamus niger plant and extracted hyoscyamoside have an additive effect on APO A gene expression and increase serum HDL levels.