جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1402)

Love is one of the most important and fundamental mystical topics that is prominently raised in Islamic mysticism and in the works and thought of Rumi; In the way that in Masnavi, love is one of the ways to reach God's connection and perish in His essence and survive in Him. In Rumi's mystical thought, the ultimate goal of love is the unity of the lover and the beloved; But in Yalom's opinion, love is one of the meaningful components of life. He acknowledges the power of love in transforming a person and giving meaning to life. Although he likened love to religious ecstasies; But due to not believing in the supernatural and not paying attention to spiritual matters among the types of love, he has only paid attention to earthly love. Among the types of earthly love, his attention is mostly focused on carnal and somehow moral love. This research aims to investigate the components of love in the thought of Rumi and Yalom in a descriptive-comparative way. The result of the research shows that Yalom believes that love should be mature and developed and believes that love brings with it responsibility and the person in love should be responsible for the physical and psychological needs of the beloved and for his/her uniqueness, be valued Like Yalom, Rumi believes that love gives meaning and warmth to life, and also that love brings responsibility; In such a way that his alignment with Yalom in this theory is clearly visible in his poems.

Orhan Pamuk is the author of the novel "Red Haired Woman". In the narration of the novel, he has mentioned the story of "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in a frequent and wide-ranging manner. This contemporary Turkish novelist has  analyzed the themes, motivations and details of the story "Rostam and Sohrab" and "Prince Oedipus" in addition to narrating the stories and recreating them. This causes a question in the mind: what  is his purpose by using the themes of these two stories? In this research, the quality and purpose of recreating two myths belonging to two ancient civilizations with the theme of father-son relationships has been analyzed. The results showed that in this novel, the author has compared the archetype of "father killing" and  'son killing" from the mythological stories of Western and Eastern civilizations. Pamuk tried and was able to show that Turkey's culture is a bridge between East and West, as well as its location, and there are cultural signs from both civilizations in it. Even thoug the stories have been forgotten In the current society of Turkey for different reasons; But their  cultural expression are alive yet. In fact, Pamuk's initiative is that he has purposefully created a postmodern novel by benefiting from ancient literary works, and in this way he was able to present a symbolic interpretation of the national culture and psychology of his society. In the current research, data collection has been done in a library manner. Its method is descriptive-analytical.

One of the constant and important goals of poets and writers in their verse and prose works is to communicate with the audience as best as possible and convey the meaning and message to them as best and accurately as possible. In this regard, using verbal and non-verbal communication has been one of the most common methods in this regard. Non-verbal communication or the use of visual signs has always been an efficient tool for poets to convey themes and concepts hidden in poems. Concepts that main topics are issues such as education, awareness and awakening of people and love (descriptions of the beauty of a lover, separation of a lover, etc.). 'Orfi Shirazi is one of the poets of the early Safavid period, who played an important role in the development of the Indian style of ghazal. The main volume of his divan is sonnets. One of the important indicators of 'Orfi poems is the visual signs (non-verbal communication) hidden in his lyrical themes. For this reason, the present article, using the descriptive analytical method, has attempted to analyze the level of non-verbal communication of "body language" in non-linguistic actions, in 'Orfi Shirazi poems. The hypothesis of the current research is an emphasis on the issue that the body language in the non-verbal communication of 'Orfi Shirazi's lyrical poetry is completely intentional and aimed at attracting the beloved and attracting the audience, as well as rethinking the behavioral patterns of the individual and society, with the aim of irony and symbolism. Among the non-verbal communication processes in 'Orfi Shirazi's poems, gestures and gestures specific to the face, hands, feet, and eyes have the most communicative function and play an important role in conveying concepts and messages.

The works of Belgheis Soleimani (1963) expressing the difficulties of women is a solid ground for psychoanalytics. Thus in this research we have psychoanalytically provided a description of the female character "Golbanou" in the novel "the last game of Banou" And we responded to the essential question "which factors have led to an inferiority complex in Golbanou's character?" Results of the study show that the initial conditions of upbringing of Golbanou, namely her being abused and punished, constitute the basis for the formation of one such complex, mainly characterized by her mother's hostility and unethical behavior besides a lack of support from her father. And ultimately Golbanou's failure in compensating for her feelings of inferiority lead to the inferiority complex. Among the most vital elements involved in construction of such character are poverty and the suppressive agressive system present in the patriarchal family. These elements ultimately breed her feelings of anger and unworthiness.

Violence refers to the concept of applying any behavior to harm one or more phenomena. This concept can be done on two levels, consciously or unconsciously. Among these, the critical issue is to investigate the limits, amount, and victims of violence. One of the important spectrums that have sometimes been subjected to violence is women. In Iran, the presence of women as victims of social and cultural conditions dates back to the first contemporary novels during Reza Shah's modernization era. In the novels of this period, we came across images of women as victims of society. This article is research in examining and understanding the concept of hidden violence against women in the novel "Homa" written by Mohammad Hejazi. As a leading author and novelist, Hejazi has shown the concealed shadow of violence against women by choosing female titles for his novels. The hypothesis of this article indicates that in the novel "Homa," Hejazi presents a woman who is a victim of hidden violence in the culture and traditions of a patriarchal society. The findings using the descriptive-analytical method and written and virtual sources showed that the hidden violence against women in Homa's novel includes two indicators of verbal and non-verbal hidden violence. Therefore, humiliation, slander, insults, threats, lies, taunts, and teasing are included under the index of hidden verbal violence. Also, ignoring women's character, supporting wrong marriage customs, supporting polygamy, sexual violence, hypocrisy, and pretending is under the macro index of hidden non-verbal violence.

A healthy personality always seeks to find a purpose to give meaning to his life. In Viktor Frankl's theory of meaning therapy, the meaningfulness of a healthy human life is described in the light of the following characteristics: freedom of will and awakening, sense of responsibility, will directed towards meaning, love, wise tolerance of suffering, search for meaning, the answer to conscience and religious belief. Self-awareness, which means that a person is aware of himself, is one of the important components in Frankel's theory of meaning therapy. In meaning therapy, a person who is searching for meaning is faced with being responsible and aware. Novels such as Savushun Simin Daneshvar and Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy can examine the self-awareness of a healthy character and can be analyzed from a psychological point of view. In this research, by using the descriptive-analytical method, the psychological investigation of the novels of Savushun and Anna Karenina was done with an emphasis on Frankel's theory. And the question has been answered whether the characters of these novels have the characteristics of a healthy person according to Frankel or not. The findings of the research show that Yusuf (the main character of the novel) is a self-aware person in Savushun And self-awareness directly causes characteristics such as awakening, love, self-sufficiency, and responsible to appear in him. Zari (another main character of the novel) also comes to self-awareness after the events that happen to her, and the characteristics of a healthy personality appear in her. In Anna Karenina, Levin comes to self-knowledge as a result of events in his life together, and the traits of a healthy personality are manifested in him. Based on this and according to the basic issue of this research, it seems that the characteristics of the heroes of the novel are compatible with what Frankel defined (except for self-sufficiency). Of course, self-sufficiency can be considered a sub-component of responding to the call of conscience according to Frankel.

In this article, the authors' efforts are a comparative study of the intellectual level of Hafez and Sanai's sonnets with an emphasis on Lucien Goldmann's theory of formative constructionism. In his own way, Goldmann tries to reveal the connection between the inner structure of the work and the intellectual construction (worldview) of the author's social class, and in his opinion, the stronger this relationship is, the greater its artistic validity. The mental structure of Sana'i society made his sonnets in terms of intellectual level fall into three categories: romantic, mystical, and intellectual, and the social structure of Hafez's time made his sonnets appear to the level of a reformist critical thinker. The results of research, by using the comparative method, indicate that the dominant intellectual level of Hafez's poems is to change the structure of the existing situation and realize justice, and the intellectual level of Sana'i poems, due to the inclusion of epistemic, situational and especially normative implications, is of dimensions and ability. It has important civil and political functions.

Some critics praised Lorraine Hansberry the African American female playwright, for writing The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window as a universal playwright and some others accused her of betraying African American Literature and her ancestors. By applying the notion of Signification proposed by Roger David Abrahams, the American folklorist in this play, this study reveals Hansberry has continued her contribution to African American Literature and post colonialism; however, this time by expanding her focus on oppression and the oppressed ones in general. Abrahams' notion of Signification is introduced and some stances and examples of it were discovered in the play. Hypothetically this paper concludes that Lorraine Hansberry attains her reputation not only as an African American dramatist but also as a universal author by writing The Sign in Sidney Brustein's window.