فصلنامه رفاه اجتماعی
پیاپی 88 (بهار 1402)

Identifying and correct errors is essential to science, so propose the maxim that science is self correcting. While the err is humain is accepted reflected in philosophy of science especially in giving rise to the maxim that scientific hypothesis must have the chance to falsify. In the current paper, the author point to errors in correlational studies, that occure because of misusing language. Critical Review of Refrences Critical Review of articles essentially in observational research conclude thirteen taxa in social welfare era. First some papers contain exploratory factor analysis claim hypothesis testing, while we must mention that only confirmatory analysis deserve to have hypothesis. If the items being loaded under one factor couldn’t distinguish with items under another factor, it is wrong to called them with different labell. The construct must be meaningful.

Researchers use a varity of rationalizations to make sense of their meaningless researches that have no value for practitioners neither for practitioners nor for other researchers. Motivation to gather data in these research is only the needs of researchers not any other person in the world. These researchers think they are contributing to science as a great and noble enterprise. and satisfy their ambitions. Most correlational studies in social welfare investigated in this paper were utterly redundant.

 One of the most important goals of health systems and policy makers in this field is equality in access to health services. Inequality in the distribution of health resources leads to different health levels between different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to investigate inequalities in the distribution of health resources in the provinces of Iran.

 This is an applied study and a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted to investigate inequality of distribution of health resources in public sector during the period 2011-2020 by using Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve. 

 The highest Gini coefficient was related to health houses 0.33، pharmacies 0.32 and laboratories 0.35 which had relatively unequal distribution. Gini coefficient of specialist physicians decreased from 0.21 to 0.13. The distribution of general practitioners and dentists، although based on Gini coefficient values، shows equal and relatively equal distribution، but the numerical value of Gini coefficient has been increasing in the study period.

 The findings of this study confirm that although the average of health resources (per 10،000 population) have increased in most indicators، but the distribution of these resources between the provinces has worsened. Therefore, in order to more equitably distribute health resources of the public sector among the provinces, policies should be revised in such a way to reduce distance between provinces and increase justice in the distribution of health resources.

Despite the progress of medical science, disability has not decreased significantly, so that today, social thinkers have raised disability as a global issue. The normal / healthy lifestyle of people with disabilities is one of the most complex and multidimensional issues in the field of disability studies that has attracted the attention of researchers and has faced an explosion of scientific products in such a way that mastering all aspects of the problem is somewhat impossible. Therefore, the aim of this study is to typify the normal / healthy life patterns of people with disabilities and its causes based on foreign studies and research conducted in this field.

This research has been carried out using interpretive paradigm, inductive approach and meta-combined method. The statistical population of all foreign research in English in the field of dimensions of social life, which was conducted in the period 2021-2000 and based on the criteria of the research, seventy-five qualitative articles were selected and re-coded were analyzed.

Based on the findings, three types of independent life pattern (relative independence), supportive life pattern and control / protection life pattern were extracted; Life patterns consist of six dimensions: social interaction, participation, proper nutrition, mental health, physical activity and recreation, and leisure. Also, fourteen categories were extracted in the causes and contexts section, which were divided into six general categories, which are: socio-cultural, economic and managerial factors, legal, health, intelligent technology and psychological factors.

The normal social life of people with disabilities depends on the attitude of society and social policies that are adapted from the socio-historical conditions of society. In such situations, it is necessary to provide a structural / cultural context for a healthy / normal life of people with disabilities through an interactive approach.

Intorduction: 

Nowadays, the issue of employment of the physically disabled as one of the basic needs of this group is explored in the context of social entrepreneurship knowledge. The aim of this study is to develop a paradigm model of applying the social entrepreneurship approach in the field of employment of the physically disabled in Khuzestan.

The research method is a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach data were collected using semi-structured and in-depth interviews with 12 social business professionals and experts. In data analysis, 15 main categories have been extracted around the central category.  Also, in the axial coding stage, The central category of research category "Differentiation and underdevelopment of social entrepreneurship of the disabled" was extracted based on the main categories of the research.

In the paradigm model of research, participation of the disabled as a social entrepreneur, high motivation to work among the disabled and the need to review the world of the disabled have emerged as causal conditions for social entrepreneurship. The educability and the existence of the idea of social entrepreneurship related to the disabled are conceptualized as the contextual conditions of social entrepreneurship for the disabled. Categories such as differentiation, instrumental view of employment of the disabled, disproportionate expertise and responsibility in managerial appointments, lack of job preparation, lack of legal, institutional and financial support are limitations and conditions involved in the development of social entrepreneurship. Workplace adaptation, mental imagery, and planning and policy-making are the main categories of act/interact (strategies) in the paradigm model.

Discussin:

 According to the research findings, social entrepreneurship is a process that in the first stage, by recognizing and defining disability as a physical weakness ,takes into account the level of individual abilities, skills and communication of people with disabilities. In the second stage, by studying and understanding the needs of the society, it will lead to starting a business based on exploitation, innovation and creativity for the disabled and sometimes by themselves. The end result of social entrepreneurship is the entry, participation and role of people with disabilities in the cycle of sustainable development.

Disabled people are special social groups that are more exposed to deprivation and lack of benefit from social opportunities and facilities due to physical or mental defects. The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis and understanding of the lived experience of disabled people in Ahvaz city in facing family and society.

This research is of a qualitative type and uses data-foundation theory. The statistical population of the research is all people with disabilities over 15 years of age in Ahvaz city who visited rehabilitation centers, welfare and disabled people's association in the first quarter of 1401. The necessary qualitative data were collected using "semi-structured interviews".

The results obtained from the bio-experiment of the disabled show that their understanding of the family's encounter with disability is based on kindness, psychological measures, meeting needs, pity, excessive support, imposing restrictions, feeling powerless, denying disability. Their needs have been suppressed and neglected. Also, the codes of verbal abuse, physical abuse, social exclusion, social interaction, violation and lack of law, lack of executive guarantee, lack of fun and entertainment, transportation challenges and job inequality are among the categories of their perception and understanding of the society's encounter with the disabled and It was their disability.

In short, it can be said that the interviewed disabled people did not have much confidence in society's positive attitude towards disability, and they preferred seclusion, loneliness and isolation in the face of society. Also, in relation to social interactions, they did not have much communication and they considered the lack of awareness of the people of the society about the rights of the disabled and how to deal with them as very important and effective.

The purpose of this study was to meta-analyze the research conducted in the field of the role of NGOs in solving social problems. The statistical population of the study is all articles and dissertations done in Iran in this field in the years 1991-2019. Through research in databases, 104 researches were extracted and general information about them was provided in the next step to calculate the Effect size were selected only those researches that had been done quantitatively and by survey, the number of which is a total of 23 articles (scientific-research) and dissertation. Findings showed that 29.8% of the research was done quantitatively and 70.2% was qualitative. Therefore, we are faced with the dominance of qualitative methods in research in this field. Social sciences (26.9%). According to the findings, environmental variables, women's empowerment, street children, etc., crime prevention, urban and rural development, security, and addiction have been among the most frequent variables in research in this field. The results of "effect size" statistics indicate that the highest effect size is related to the variables of crime prevention with a coefficient of 74%, then the variables of addiction, empowerment of women and children ... and the environment with coefficients of 45, 42, 41%, respectively. . Finally, in a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in this study, although according to the requirements of quantitative meta-analysis method, we have calculated the effect size, but in the opinion of the researchers, given that in most of the studies, with significant methodological problems And how to measure them, not choosing the appropriate statistical population, etc.), so we can not rely much on estimates of the size of the relationship, and therefore the size of the effects estimated in the present study, will not be very accurate.

Inequality of income distribution is one of the socio-economic issues of developing countries, including Iran. One of the proposed solutions to deal with this phenomenon is to reduce educational inequality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of educational inequality on income inequality in the provinces of the country during the years 1380 to 1394.

In this study, fifteen-year historical data of Iranian provinces were used to achieve the goal by combined method. Gini coefficient data of education and education were collected from the yearbook of the Statistics Center of Iran and Mohaghegh Calculations and other data were collected from the Program and Budget Organization of each province .Income inequality was considered as a dependent variable and the educational inequality, the share of tax revenue from GDP and per capita income without oil were considered as independent variables. The model was estimated and analyzed using the generalized torque technique and Eviews software.

The estimation of the model showed that the effect of educational inequality on income inequality is U-shaped. That is, the first interval of educational inequality had a negative and significant effect on income inequality and the second power of the first interval of educational inequality had a positive and significant effect on income inequality. Also, the first interruption of government size had a positive and significant effect on the income inequality index, and the interruption of per capita income and the interruption of the share of provincial GDP tax on income inequality of Iran's provinces was negative and statistically significant.

Increasing educational inequality has reduced income inequality in the provinces of Iran over a period of fifteen years. The impact of educational inequality from the threshold of 0.44 onwards has been on increasing income inequality. This means that educational inequality has increased income inequality (Gini coefficient) beyond the threshold.

Children and adolescents build the future of a country. When they commit a crime based on circumstances and are kept in a correctional center, their age needs should be taken into account in order to prevent them from committing a crime again. The purpose of the current research is to identify the most important problems and challenges in the management and treatment of children and adolescents in Iran's Correctional Center

The research was conducted in two stages with qualitative approach and qualitative content analysis method. In the first stage, to identify the Favorable Status, international standards, guidelines and an international best model (Missouri Youth Service Center) was identified and analyzed. In the second stage, to explain the Current Status, internal related research, interviews, reports, videos and documentaries published on the web have been identified and analyzed.

Categories of employees, separation and classification, environment, education, recreation and entertainment, religion, health and treatment, relationship with family and society, disciplinary cases, inspection and complaint, return to society, awareness and human dignity were identified from the qualitative content analysis of international standards and their compatibility with each other. 13 main characteristics of the Missouri Youth Center model, the beliefs and philosophy underlying the model and its approach were identified and presented.

Matching the Favorable Status with the Current Status identified the major problems in the management of Iran’s correctional centers. The results showed in addition to the problems in the management of the correctional center and treatment of adolescences, some of the problems are related to before entering the center and some after leaving the center. The most important problems in the management of the correctional center and the treatment of adolescences are presented along with the solutions to solve them.

Subjective well-being is the subjective component of quality of life. People with higher subjective well-being are expected to feel a good sense toward their surrounding environment, especially their residence place. Investigation of the relationship between subjective well-being and place loyalty is especially important for rural areas of Iran, which have lost a large number of their population.

The present study is an applied research with the descriptive-analytical approach. The research data were collected mainly by filling in the questionnaire. The statistical population of this study is the rural areas with a population of at least 100 people located in Dasht-e-Arzhan rural district, and the analysis unit is all people aged 18 and over. Data were analyzed using one-sample T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and ETA coefficient applying the SPSS software.

The levels of place loyalty and subjective well-being are higher than the average. There is no significant difference between the studied villages in terms of level of subjective well-being, and the level of place loyalty as well. At the 95% confidence level, there is a positive and significant relationship between subjective well-being and place loyalty. There is a significant relationship between subjective well-being and variables of marital status, immigration history of relatives, age and residence length in the village. The relationship between place loyalty and variables of marital status, relatives' immigration history, age and residence length in the village is also significant.

Subjective well-being along with objective well-being and some other factors can explain the loyalty of individuals and households to their settlements. These findings can be used by rural policymakers and planners to take appropriate actions aimed at sustainable development of rural communities.

 Homelessness is one of the important issues of urban life in the last two decades.. It seems that society's concerns for the problem of homelessness and not finding a solution to solve it have led to turning to stigma: The violence against the homeless, the criminalization of homelessness, the invisibility of the homeless and using terms such as vagabond and drug addict. Media coverage plays an important role in the stigmatization and de-stigmatization of homelessness.

To study the status of stigma (components, management and types of stigma) in radio programs related to homelessness, six programs were analyzed based on semiotic analysis, as one of the widely used methods in qualitative research of media texts.

The findings show that addiction and inappropriate appearance are highlighted as a "mark" and addict as a "group labeling" of homelessness. The stigma of "peril" is very prominent in the programs with the presence of informants and experts, and various types of harm, including crime and theft, the spread of addiction, disease, and identity less children, and the destruction of the spirit of society are attributed to this group. Stigma management in programs with the presence of homeless people is through "self-disclosure" and "masking", while stigma management in programs with the presence of informants and professionals is through two methods of "hiding" and "displacement".

Despite the fact that in radio programs, the issues and problems of homelessness are not raised much, and the problem of addiction is mostly highlighted, and the issues related to poverty and the form of residence are not considered, but a space is provided for the homeless to talk about their personal experiences and for organizations to introduce their services. These conversations help to fade some stigmas and help people get to know each other more.