نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 84، خرداد 1402)

Temptation and relapse are important factors involved in drug recurrence, and women have more tempting experiences than men. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify the factors that cause the perpetuation of temptation, realization, or suppression of relapse in this particular group. The method of this research was the qualitative method of grounded theory. The research participants consisted of 40 women who were referred to the drug addiction treatment center of Behboudgostaran Hemgam in the years 2017 to 2018,  who were selected by theoretical sampling method, and with this number of samples, saturation was achieved The research tool was a semi-structured interview, and the data were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding methods. The exploratory themes of the current research are as follows: 1- Individual and familial perpetuating factors of temptation (consisting of the categories of family cognitive factors and 4 steps of individual cognitive factors: 1. Reluctancy, 2. Obtaining relapse permission, 3. Justification of reuse, 4. Virtual consumption, the category of personal and familial emotional-affectional and behavioral perpetuating factors of temptation, 2- Individual, familial, and social ending factors of temptation and realizing relapse, and 3- Individual, familial, and social suppressive factors of relapse. The present study showed that identifying the factors involved in temptation and relapse in women's addiction treatment is necessary, and it seems that the use of these factors in the treatment and awareness of women will make the possibility of relapse prevention more possible.

The present study intended to identify the dimensions of the experience of empathetic behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was conducted with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method between Oct. to Nov. 2021. The research population included citizens aged 20 to 70 living in Tehran. The research sample consisted of 17 people (eight women and nine men) from this population, who were selected through convenience sampling (voluntary sampling type) taking into account the principle of saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and the data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method of data analysis. The findings of the study led to the formation of two main themes: "The role of empathy in preventive, confrontational, and supportive behaviors" and "Consequences of empathy". The first main theme consisted of seven subthemes and the second main theme consisted of two subthemes. It seems that, during the pandemic, individuals have experienced empathy in the form of supportive and caring roles such as spiritual, financial, and social support of others with the aim of maintaining the health of themselves, their relatives, and society. However, from their point of view, empathy has also some positive and negative consequences. It seems that empathy as a humanitarian feeling in critical situations, including epidemics, can have effective functions, and its occurrence and spread in these situations may help in performing appropriate behaviors and controlling the situation. It is recommended that future studies investigate the experience of empathy among residents of villages and other cities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of a Mindfulness-based Social-emotional Learning Program on emotional self-regulation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. The current research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students aged 11 to 14 who were referred to the child counseling centers of Khoy City in 2021-2022. The statistical sample consisted of 30 children who were selected by purposive sampling and were replaced in two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included Children's Illness Symptoms Questionnaire (CSI-4) Sprafkin et al. (1984) and Emotional Regulation Checklist (ERC) Shields & Cicchetti (1997). In this study, the participants of the experimental group received the mindfulness-based social-emotional learning program During 15 sessions of 60 minutes. Data analysis was done using multivariate covariance analysis. Data analysis showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference at the level of 0.01 between the post-test mean of emotional self-regulation and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the two experimental and control groups. According to the findings, it can be suggested that the Mindfulness-based Social-emotional Learning Program is an effective treatment for improving emotional functions and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.

Unconscious phantasy is one of the central concepts in the field of theory and application of psychoanalysis. The importance of this concept, both clinically and theoretically, has led all schools of psychoanalysis to offer their own definition of unconscious phantasy. Given the theoretical multiplicity of this concept, it is not surprising to encounter a large number of definitions: from the classical definition, which is considered an imaginative activity representing the psychological aspect of drives, to other definitions, which it calls "the no-I experience", as we observe between the patient and the therapist. The purpose of this study is a theoretical review of the concept of phantasy in order to further clarify this concept and also investigate its role in treatment techniques. It is hoped that further clarification of this central concept will facilitate a better understanding and treatment of mental disorders.

The present study was conducted with the aim of Predicting the emotional regulation of people with cluster B personality disorder traits based on attachment styles and reflective functioning. The research method was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population included the students of Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran branch in the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size was 120 people who were selected by purposive sampling method. The research tools included the adult attachment inventory (AAI) Simpson (1990), Millon clinical multiaxial inventory (MCMI-III) Millon (1994), the reflective functioning questionnaire (RFQ) Fonagy et al. (2016) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) Gross and John (2003). The results of the regression test using the enter method showed that among the research variables, uncertainty (P=0.03 and β=-0.23), secure attachment style (P=0.002 and β=0.27), and avoidant (P=0.002 and β = -0.31) are predictors of emotion regulation. Also, the results showed that the predictor variables are able to predict 0.19 of the variance of the emotion regulation variable in people with traits of cluster B personality disorder. The result of the present study shows that paying attention to attachment styles and reflective performance by psychologists can help to explain emotional regulation in people with traits of cluster B personality disorder.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on aggression, self-criticism, and self-injurious behaviors of 18-12-year-olds with bipolar disorder. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of 18-12-year-olds with bipolar disorder in 2022, 40 teenagers were selected from this population by targeted sampling from Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran, Saadat Abad Clinic, and Qayim Shahr Clinic and based on structured clinical interviews. were selected and placed in two experimental and control groups (20 people for each group). To collect data from the aggression questionnaire (AQ, Bass and Perry, 1992), a self-injurious behavior questionnaire (ISAS, Klonsky and Glenn, 2009), and a self-criticism questionnaire (LOSC, Thompson and Zoraf, 2004) were used. The data analysis was done with the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis. The results showed that by controlling the pre-test effect between the mean of self-injurious behaviors, aggression, and post-test self-criticism of the experimental group and there is evidence of a significant difference in the level (P<0.01). In fact, dialectical behavior therapy reduces aggression, self-criticism, and self-injurious behaviors in adolescents with bipolar disorder.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and therapy based on acceptance and commitment to the quality of life in coronary heart patients. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population included all angioplasty patients referred to Fatemeh Zahra(S) Heart Clinic in Sari in 1400. The number of 45  people were selected as a sample using the purposeful sampling method and randomly assigned to three groups (two experimental groups and one group). The participants of the first experimental group received 10  sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy and the participants of the second experimental group received 8 sessions of therapy based on acceptance and commitment. The quality of life questionnaire SF36  (Weir and Sherburne,1992) was implemented as a research tool in two stages before and after training in all three groups. The analysis of findings by multivariate analysis of covariance test showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there is a significant difference between the post-test average of the quality of life in the experimental and control groups at the level of 0.001. The results of the follow-up test showed that the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy is higher than the therapy based on acceptance and commitment to the quality of life (p=0.0002). Therefore, in the field of treatment and counseling of patients with coronary heart disease, cognitive behavioral therapy seems efficient.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of teaching skills based on compassion on positive emotions and hostile documents of women affected by extramarital relationships. This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test, and control group design with a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population included all women affected by extramarital relationships who had been referred to psychological clinics (under the welfare organization) in Tehran in order to use psychological services in 2021-2022. The statistical sample included 30 of these women who were selected purposefully. Then, 15 people were randomly placed in the control group and 15 people in the experimental group. The intervention group received compassion-based skills training during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. Data were collected using Williams et al.'s Emotion Control Scale (ACQ) (1997) and Arntz et al.'s Hostile Documents (HDQ) (2003) and analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measures. The results showed that the main effect of the group was significant for positive affect (F=94.2, P<0.05, P<0.05) and for hostile documents (F=12.9, P<0.05, 315/315). In the variable of positive affect, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (F=13.5, P>0.05, 327) and in the variable of hostile documents (F=6.37, P>0.05, 185/ =) reported significant. who reported 89% of positive affect and hostile attributions. It can be concluded that teaching skills based on compassion are effective in improving positive emotions and reducing hostile documents. And this intervention was able to increase positive affect and reduce hostile documents to a large extent and therefore can be useful in the treatment of psychological injuries caused by extramarital relationships.

The present study investigated the effectiveness of schema therapy combined with exposure and response prevention methods on the distress tolerance and Severity of Obsessive Symptoms of women with washing obsession. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a 2-month follow-up. Its statistical population included all the women referred to counseling clinics under the supervision of the Psychological System Organization in the north and center of Tehran between November 2020 and February 2021 and received a definite diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder by a psychiatrist. In this regard, 30 people were included using a purposeful sampling method and assigned to two experimental and control groups of 15 people. Then, the experimental group received individual intervention for 14 sessions. The research tools included the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS, Simmons & Gaher,2005) and the Yale-Brown Obsession-Obsession Scale (1989, YBOCS). Data analysis using repeated measurement tests and Bonferroni's post hoc test revealed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding distress tolerance and obsessive-compulsive disorder in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.01). It means that the integration of schema therapy with the exposure and response prevention technique increased distress tolerance and reduced the symptoms of obsession. This effectiveness remained significant until the two-month follow-up stage. According to the results, it can be stated that integrating schema therapy with exposure and response prevention technique is effective in increasing distress tolerance and reducing obsessive symptoms in women with washing obsessive disorder.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy in reducing psychological distress and alexithymia in patients with functional dyspepsia. This research was a semi-experimental type with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population included all patients with functional dyspepsia referred to Shariati Hospital in the period of 2020-2021. The statistical sample included 30 of these patients who were selected purposefully. Then, 15 people were randomly assigned to each of the experimental and control groups. The intervention group received Wells's (2004) metacognitive therapy, 8 sessions of 45 minutes, and the control group was placed on the waiting list. Data were collected using psychological distress questionnaire (DASS-21) and Toronto alexithymia (TAS 20) (1994). The research data was analyzed by variance analysis with repeated measurements. The results showed that psychological distress scores generally decreased from the pre-test to the post-test and follow-up; Also, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p>0.05, d=-8.79) and follow-up pre-test (p>0.05, d=-10.6) is significant. In the alexithymia variable, the difference between the pre-test and post-test stage (p<0.05, d=8.89) and the follow-up pre-test (p<0.05, d=13.7) is significant. It shows the effect of research intervention in reducing psychological distress and alexithymia, it can be concluded that this intervention has been effective in reducing distress and alexithymia in patients with functional dyspepsia.

This study aimed to design a model of optimal online learning based on academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning strategies with the mediation of academic adjustment. This research was applied in terms of purpose and the descriptive-correlational method. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the students of the Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz branch in the academic year 2021-2022, and 300 people were selected and studied by the purposive sampling method. To collect data Online Education Questionnaire(Kim et al., 2005, OEQ), Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire(Jinks & Morgan, 1999, ASEQ), Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire(Karmi et al., 2006, SRLSQ), Educational Compatibility Questionnaire(Baker & Seriak, 1984, ECQ) were used. The data were analyzed by the path analysis method. The research findings showed that the path coefficient of the direct effect of academic self-efficacy and metacognitive learning strategies on academic adjustment is significant (p<0/05). Also, the path coefficient of the direct effect of academic self-efficacy, cognitive learning strategies, metacognitive learning strategies, and academic adjustment on online learning is significant(p<0/05). The indirect effect of academic self-efficacy, cognitive learning strategies, and metacognitive learning strategies on online learning was significant through academic adjustment(p<0/05), and the effect of cognitive learning strategies on optimal online learning was not significant through academic adjustment. The model has a flattering fit. It can be concluded that to increase the effect of academic self-efficacy and self-regulated learning strategies on the optimal online learning of students, it is possible to focus on strengthening academic adjustment.

This research was conducted with the aim of pre-academic performance based on the functions of thinking style and parenting styles with the mediation of students' responsibility. The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the current study included all the students of the first secondary level of the 3rd district of Qom studying in the academic year of 2021-2022, of which 430 students were selected by the available sampling method and the questionnaire Pham et al.'s academic performance (1999, APQ), Sternberg's thinking styles (STSQ, 1992), Grolink et al.'s perceived parenting scale (PPQ, 1997) and Merkler et al.'s personal responsibility (PRQ, 2016) completed. Data analysis using the structural equation modeling method showed legal and executive thinking styles, parenting styles of mother and father and positive and meaningful relationship responsibility (p<0.01), and judgmental thinking style and academic performance. The negative correlation was significant (p<0.01) and legal, executive, judgmental thinking style and parenting styles of mother and father are related to academic performance through responsibility (p<0.01). The results of this research showed that there is a relationship between the functions of thinking style and the educational styles of parents with academic performance with the mediation of responsibility in students (p<0.05) and the research model has a favorable fit. The findings of this research can be used by experts in educational fields to improve academic performance.

The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of tolerance of ambiguity in the relationship between the need for cognition and the need for closure with working memory. In regard to the purpose, this research was applicable and in regard to procedure, it was a correlation study. The study community included all high school students of Tehran City in 2019-2020, among them 385 students were selected as samples by multi-stage cluster sampling. Research questionnaires included: working memory (WMQ- 2013), the need for cognition (NCS- 1996), the need for closure (NFCS- 2008), and ambiguity tolerance (MSTAT- 1993). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings showed that the need for cognition has a significant effect on working memory(P<0.001), the tolerance of ambiguity has a significant effect on working memory (P<0.001), whereas the need for structure (P<0. 1) and need for certainty (P<0. 08)  has no such impact. Also, the results revealed that the need for cognition and the need for closure have an indirect effect on working memory through the mediation of ambiguity tolerance(P<0.001). Thus, interventions based on improving the need for cognition, the need for closure, and tolerance of ambiguity can help increase students' working memory capacity.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and behavioral activation therapy on guilt in women with dysthymic disorder. The current research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and control and with follow-up groups. The statistical population of this research included all women with dysthymic disorder who were referred to psychological clinics located in the 8th district of Tehran in 1400, and 45 people were selected in a purposeful way and randomly assigned to two experimental groups, and one control group. The instrument of this research was Kugler and Jon's Guilt Questionnaire (1992) (CJGFQ). For the first experimental group, metacognitive therapy (Wells, 2009), and for the second experimental group behavioral activation therapy (Dimidjian et al., 2008) was held in 8 90-minute sessions twice a week. The data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis. The results of the Varbans analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of guilt and its components (p>0.05). The results showed that both interventions were effective in guilt and its components, but the behavior activation intervention showed more effectiveness, and a significant difference was observed between the two treatments (p>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be said that due to the greater effect of behavioral activation therapy on reducing guilt, alone or with complementary treatment, it can be effective in reducing guilt caused by depression in women with dysthymic disorder.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of spiritual therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy on the fear of recurrence and white blood cells in women with breast cancer. The study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with the control group. The study population included all women with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy referred to the specialized and sub-specialized clinic of breast diseases of Jihad Daneshgahi in winter 2022. 45 patients were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. Fear of cancer recurrence by Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI) Simard & Savard inventory (2009) and white blood cells of the sample subjects using the flow cytometry method were measured. Patients in the experimental groups have received appropriate interventions individually for 12 sessions of 120 minutes, twice a week. Data analysis was performed by Repeated Measures ANOVA. The group effect, time effect, and time×group effect were significant for fear of recurrence (p<0.01) and white blood cells (p<0.05). Also, the mean difference between the pre-test post-test, and follow-up was significant (p<0.001), but the mean difference between the post-test and follow-up was not significant (p<0.05). The mean difference between treatment groups was significant in fear of recurrence (p<0.01), but not significant in white blood cells (p<0.05). These two treatment methods by prioritizing the use of spiritual therapy can be used to reduce the fear of breast cancer recurrence and increase white blood cells.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on cognitive emotion regulation and marital forgiveness of women affected by marital infidelity. The method of the study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all women affected by marital infidelity who were referred to counseling centers in Gorgan in the first 9 months of 1399. Using the purposive sampling method, 30 people were selected and randomly divided into experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The experimental group received acceptance and commitment therapy in 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week. The research instruments were the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnfsky et al (2002) and the Marital Forgiveness Questionnaire (MFQ) of Ray et al. (2001). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) using SPSS-16 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference at the level of 0/05 between the average of the post-test of the experimental group and the control group in cognitive emotion regulation and marital forgiveness. It can be stated according to the results that acceptance and commitment therapy can be used as an effective intervention to improve marital forgiveness and cognitive emotion regulation in women affected by marital infidelity.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of parents coping styles with children's negative emotions in the relationship between emotional regulation and children's social skills. The research method is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population was the parents of primary school students in Yazd City in the academic year 2021-2022. The sample size was 300 people and they were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method, and finally, 286 people completed the questionnaires. Research measurement included the social skills rating system (SSRS) (Gresham & Elliott 1990), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), And Coping With Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES) (Fabbes et al. 1990). The structural equation method and PLS-SEM3 software were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that emotional regulation has a direct and positive relationship with children's social skills (p=0.001, β=0.39). Emotional regulation has a direct and positive relationship with non-supportive practices (β=0.32, p=0.4). Supportive coping methods had a direct and positive relationship with social skills (β=0.33, p=0.001), but non-supportive methods had a direct and negative relationship with children's social skills (-0.19). =β, p=0.01). Emotion regulation was indirectly and negatively related to children's social skills through non-supportive coping methods (β=-0.07, p=0.03). The results of the present study showed that children's social skills are influenced by parents' emotional regulation and CCNE.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between psychological distress and social isolation with the psychological well-being of those who have recovered from Covid-19. This research was descriptive correlation based on path analysis. The statistical population included all those who recovered from the Covid-19 disease in the winter of 1400, of which 270 people were selected by available sampling. Research tools included the psychological distress scale (K-10), social isolation (Yazdi School, 2013), psychological well-being (RSPWB), and resilience (CD-RISC). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis. The findings showed that the direct path of psychological distress to psychological resilience and psychological well-being had a significant effect (P<0.05). Also, the direct path of social isolation to psychological resilience was significant (P<0.05). Psychological distress had a significant indirect effect on psychological well-being through the mediation of psychological resilience (P<0.05). Social isolation with the mediation of psychological resilience had a significant indirect effect on psychological well-being (P<0.05), which indicated a favorable fit. The results showed that social isolation and psychological distress play a role in psychological well-being among those who have recovered from Covid-19 due to the reduction of psychological resilience.

The aim of this research was to the prediction of marital satisfaction based on attachment styles with the mediating role of mindfulness and positive thinking. In regard to the purpose, this research was fundamental and in regard to procedure, it was a correlation study. The study community included all married people of Kermanshah City in 2022, among them 350 people were selected as a sample through available sampling. Research questionnaires included: The Enrich Marital Satisfaction scale (EMS) Fowers & Olson (1993), Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAI) Simpson (1990), Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) Brown & Ryan (2003), Automatic Thoughts Questionnair-Positive (ATQ-P) Ingram, & Wisnicki (1988). The structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that secure attachment style has a direct and significant relationship with marital satisfaction (P<0.001). Also, the relationship between secure attachment style and marital satisfaction through mindfulness (P<0.001) and positive thinking (P<0.001) is positive and significant, and the relationship between insecure attachment and marital satisfaction through mindfulness (P<0.002) and positive thinking (P<0.001) was negative and significant. But the direct relationship of insecure attachment to marital satisfaction (P<0.239) was not significant and the research model had a good fit. It can be concluded that attachment styles predict marital satisfaction both directly and indirectly through the two variables of mindfulness and positive thinking.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term solution-oriented approach on the coping styles and mental vitality of gifted students. The method of this research was quasi-experimental and the research design was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of the study included all gifted ninth-grade female students in Urmia in the first six months of the 2019-2020 academic year. The mental vitality questionnaire was distributed among them and 30 people who scored lower on this test than the others were selected by voluntary purposive method and randomly divided into two equal groups (each group of 15 people). The experimental group received solution-based group therapy for 8 sessions of 90 minutes per week, and the control group was placed on a waiting list. In order to collect information, the Way Of Coping Questionnaire )WOCQ) (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) and Mental Happiness Questionnaire (SVS) (Frederick, 1997) were used. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to analyze the research data. The findings of the study showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the experimental and control groups in the variables of coping styles and mental vitality (P< 0/001). It can be said that the short-term solution-oriented approach is effective in reducing the emotional-oriented coping style and increasing the problem-oriented coping style and mental vitality of gifted students.