پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 68 (پاییز 1401)

The employment of women of northern Khorasan tribes in the Pahlavi period, based on oral historyWomen's employment throughout history is one of the issues about which there is little knowledge. With the tools of interview and oral history, this deficiency can be solved at least one or two centuries ago. The source of these tools are old people who are still alive and dynamically living around us.According to these living sources, the activity of women in North Khorasan has been a confirmation of their activity for centuries in the field of work outside and family life, and despite the fact that their active presence at home and perhaps throughout history has been ignored. They are the inheritors of activities that have continued until now and have covered all areas of people's lives in this region. Animal husbandry, agriculture, spinning and weaving were among the occupations of women in this region. This article tries to deal with the efforts and employment of women in North Khorasan (villagers and nomads).Key words: women, North Khorasan, employment, weaving

The garment of any ethnic group represents one of their cultural symbols, and headgear is the most distinctive one of them. The northern region of Khorasan has a special cultural diversity due to the habitat of various ethnic groups of Kurds, Turks, Tat and Turkmen. Men’s clothing in this area is among its components. The present paper seeks to study the design, color and material of Kurdish and Turkmen men’s clothing residing in this area. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and library compilation and if necessary, conducts oral interviews with informed people and specialists in the field of clothing. The research results indicate that the headgear of these two ethnic groups has specific local names. They usually use Taqiyah with different designs and brown, milky and black colors made of wool. Some headgears are used by Turkmen men like Telpek and Sele and napkins are used by Kurdish men. In general, headgears are similar in terms of design, color and material, and differ mostly in terms of decoration and naming

Translation typesText translationSource text1,119 / 5,000Translation resultsThe present article analyzes and examines the important phenomenon of cultural reforms in the contemporary history of the Islamic world, which, despite many similarities, faced completely different fates. In the study of cultural reforms in Afghanistan and Turkey, it is known to some extent that there are many similarities in the process of cultural reforms in the two countries; The same necessity of cultural change, a single goal and having a single model are examples of similarities in the cultural reforms of the time of Amanullah and Atatürk. However, this phenomenon had a completely different purpose; With the aim of fighting against tradition and joining western modernity, Atatürk achieved relative success in this field, unlike Amanullah who faced complete failure in this way. Looking at this issue with the method of description and comparative analysis discussed in this article shows that despite the apparent similarities of this project, there were important differences that Amanullah Khan wanted to follow Kemal Atatürk without paying attention to. And because of this, he could not succeed. The cultural changes of the society without taking into consideration the value judgments of being good or bad, require variables and contexts, without paying attention to them, no lasting transformation will take place. And this can be effective in analyzing the current and future situation of Afghanistan.More about this source textSource text required for additional translation informationSend feedbackSide panels

The fall of the Abbasid caliphate is one of the important events of the 7th century AD, which had various reflections in written historical sources. Each of the historians have narrated the event based on their perspective on history. In order to understand the historians' approach to the fall of Baghdad, this research tries to analyze the historians' perspective by using the historical method, based on the comparative approach, in three indicators of social, causal, critical and providential approaches. For this purpose, by identifying the most important works of Persian historiography in the period from 656 to 907 AD, we will study and compare the narratives and approaches of historians regarding the fall of Baghdad. The findings show that some narrators have a political and providential approach to the event, and their historiography is a continuation of traditional Iranian Islamic historiography. Some others, with a causal approach to history, with a social and causal, critical approach, criticized the political and social performance of the Caliph and those around him, and held them responsible for the incident. Their historiography method seems to be a step towards analytical historiography.

The years of the Taghut rule in Iran was the era of denying the true identity of the Muslim people and fighting against the spiritual and moral dimensions of human existence, based on which the Pahlavi government emphasized the element of Iranianness and denied the place of Islam in giving identity to the society and people of Iran, as well as adapting models Foreign culture tried to present an example of Iranian man who was mostly a western creature and lacked a clear understanding of his real existence. The people's desire for identity, which arose from the feeling of imperfection and ambiguity in their cultural and philosophical position, brought about the Islamic revolution, and as a result of the victory of the Muslim people, the way to return to the true self and acquire an authentic Iranian Islamic identity is smooth and great steps are taken to realize the ideal of a perfect human being. It was removed which is still going on./The years of the Taghut rule in Iran was the era of denying the true identity of the Muslim people and fighting against the spiritual and moral dimensions of human existence, based on which the Pahlavi government emphasized the element of Iranianness and denied the place of Islam in giving identity to the society and people of Iran, as well as adapting models Foreign culture tried to present an example of Iranian man who was mostly a western creature and lacked a clear understanding of his real existence.

The introduction of the Dhimmis to the court of the Abbasid caliphs with titles such as writing, medicine, counseling, etc., paved the way for their entry into the field of economics and financial issues with the Abbasids. The study of the economic and financial role of the Dhimmis and their influence on the Abbasid caliphs is one of the topics that, has been less discussed in the events of the Abbasid era, which is the subject of this article.Although the conquered lands were quickly dominated by Muslim Arabs, lack of experience forced them to take advantage of the economic and financial policies of the Dhimmis in managing the expenses. Therefore, analyzing the management of financial and economic expenses of some Dhimmis, considering the strictness which was imposed by the Abbasids on Dhimmis in addition to receiving the jizyah, is one of the issues that the researcher faces. This article tries to thoroughly explain the economic and financial role of the Dhimmis in the court of the Abbasid caliphs and show how Dhimmis influenced on the economic and financial plans in the Abbasid era, and also show, although Dhimmis had influence in Abbasid court, Abbasid caliphs exploited the wealth and property of the Iranians, by confiscating their property for the stability and continuity of their sovereignty.

From the second century AH, with the rise of Iranian dynasties in the political arena, Iranian and archaic tendencies gradually entered the political structure from the cultural sphere, including the efforts of the Samanids and the Buyids to attribute their dynasty to the families of ancient kings, nobles and heroes. The choice of such a relative dynasty provided national acceptance in the social context, proving the merit and legitimacy of the regime, and consequently fulfilling many of their goals in the field of cultural, political, and territorial conflicts. The most important manifestation of these tendencies and the means of propagating and introducing the lineage of the ruling system were historical books.In this article, in order to reveal the opposition between the Samanid and Al- Al-Buyid genealogical thought and discourse in the context of political and territorial conflicts, with emphasis on the Ray region, the data related to the genealogical discourse of these dynasties were described and analyzed with a semantic approach. As a result, it became clear that the Samanids and the Buyids dynasty, in their territorial disputes, especially the conflict over the strategic Ray region, used genealogical claims to assert the legitimacy of their sovereignty by proclaiming it in historical texts.

Analyzing the wars of military commanders in the process of collapse of Seljuk government is one of the important topics of Seljuk history. Turkish Seljuk tribes brought vast areas from Kashgar to the Mediterranean Sea under their imperial control; However, following a series of internal and external events, they gradually lost their initial greatness and authority and finally their union collapsed. Many factors played a role in the collapse of this powerful and great dynasty, but among all these factors; The most important of which was the effect of the wars of military rulers on the process of internal family disputes and the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty, which is of double importance. Despite this, there has been no independent, comprehensive and unobstructed research in this field. Therefore, with the understanding of this matter, this research tries to analyze the wars of military commanders in the process of internal family disputes and their role in the collapse of the Seljuk government based on the remaining documents and documents and based on the method of historical research.