پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 69 (زمستان 1401)

As it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medical sciences) are Muslims. Muslims, during the Abbasid era, have developed this science more than any other civilization. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to highlight the fact that the Renaissance of Europe is partly indebted to the inventions and discoveries of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period, and the ways of transferring this science from the East to the West are documentedIn the upcoming research, in order to explain and analyze the progress of medical knowledge in the Abbasid era and the ways of its transfer to the West, the "diffusion theory" is used as the theoretical framework of the work. Based on this, the influential origin in the field of medical knowledge of the Islamic world in the Abbasid era is taken into account, and the influential destination is the Western civilization, and the ways and channels of transmission are mentioned along with its obstacles. The findings of the research show that medical knowledge was one of the first sciences that the Islamic world learned based on the medical data of Iran, India and Greece, and then developed it in the best possible way and spread it to other societies.

The land of Deccan in South India has attracted the attention of many Muslims since the first centuries of the rise and spread of Islam, and groups of Muslim merchants and Sufis entered this region for the purpose of trade and also to propagate Islam. The migration of these people had many consequences in the fields of literature, art and religion in Deccan.The present research aims to answer the question of what were the causes and factors of the migration of Iranian Shiites to the Deccan region (Bahmanian rule) in this period, and the literary and artistic effects of this, using the historical research method which is based on description and analysis. Check immigration?The findings of the present research show that the roots of the Shia religion, which was established during the Bahmani period, and their support for Shia immigrants who migrated from Iran and Arab lands to the Deccan led to the spread of the Shia religion, the spread of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization in Daccan. One of the most important results of their presence as cultural missionaries was by creating educational institutions and using the presence of scholars to create a suitable environment for literary support. Valuable works that were written in this period brought the Persian language to its peak.

Assembly and parliament are considered to be the most important pillars of democracy in any government, all over the world, which acts as a procedure to increase people's participation in determining their destiny. But Reza Khan's power was the end of the constitutional dream and his successor continued his father's path. However, in the early period of Mohammad Reza Shah's rule, the position of the Majlis improved to some extent.who did not have much desire or ability to exercise power in a completely dictatorial manner, what has he benefited from this situation? Also, according to these cases, a better understanding and analysis of the Qawam al-Sultaneh Democratic Party and its political role in this period is the main concern of the present research.The findings of the research indicate that Qavam's activities in the Democratic Party had an important result. And that was that for the first time in the history of Iran, after the constitution, the doors of the government and the parliament were opened to new and younger figures, and many senior and old figures were rejected from the government, and on the contrary, the new forces entered the cabinet by joining parties and They finally managed to sit on the seat of the parliament. Also, Qavam's actions caused the 15th Parliament to reject the agreement between Qavam and Sadchikov regarding the establishment of a mixed company of Iranian oil and Russia.

At the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge

Mughira bin Shuba is one of the elite Arabs from the Thaqif tribe, who has played an important role in many important accidents of the early days of Islam. Since various sources mostly mention Mughira as a veteran politician, no independent research has been done on his military performance. Meanwhile, to know exactly the thoughts and ideas of Maghira, we should also pay attention to his military activities.Because according to fragments of documents, in addition to being present in the political and social arenas, Mughira accompanied the Prophet in many of the Islamic conquests, and in overseas wars to confront the two empires of Iran and Rome in great conquests such as Qadisiyah , Nahavand and Hamedan, which led to the complete occupation of Iran, were present and this presence has left a noticeable impact on his performance during his chancellorship in Basra and Kufa. Some consider his progress in the field of management , due to his presence in fronts outside the peninsula and his familiarity with Iranian and Roman culture.Now, in this research, we are looking for an answer to the question, what role did Mughirah bin Shuba play in the conquests that led to the conquest of Iran? Based on this hypothesis, it seems that Mughira was in charge of the negotiating team before the Qadisiyah war and was present in the conquest of Nahavand and Hamadan as a high-ranking commander

The arrival of Islam in Central Asia can be considered one of the most important historical events of this land. Although the religion of Islam entered this land in the second half of the first century of Hijri, but its spread lasted for a long time. According to historical documents, after Islam entered the Central Asian region, it was gradually accepted by the people and all sections of the society, and it did not take long for Islam to bring tremendous changes in various fields to the people across the Nile under the shadow of the uplifting teachings of Islam after the construction Mosques and cultural centers of prominent personalities were cultivated across the river, and this issue caused the people of the region to achieve such a level of growth and development in a short period of time that they became one of the largest scientific and cultural centers of the Islamic world. Also, the arrival of the Muslim Arabs in the Trans-Nahar region caused new developments in the social field, so that with the settlement of the Arabs and the mixing of the Arab tribes with the natives, the social fabric of the society was completely changed. In fact, the entry of Islam into Central Asia had various consequences, which this research seeks to identify and investigate. The researcher intends to answer this question, what were the religious and social consequences of the introduction of Islam to Central Asia until the end of the Umayyad dynasty?

social, economic, cultural and political rights. Factors such as the Constitutional Revolution and the spread of feminist ideas as a result of the expansion of Iran-West relations led some intellectual and progressive women to think about the realization of women's rights in this traditional and religious environment. To this end, women established several educational and civic institutions, such as girls' schools and women's associations and publications, to educate women and work for their rights. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of women's associations and organizations in promoting the status of women in Qajar society. To this end, the question arises that what effect did women's associations and organizations have on the promotion of the status of women in the Qajar period? The hypothesis is that these associations and organizations improved the social and political status of women at this time by raising awareness, changing attitudes and identifying women. The research shows that these associations have increased the awareness, change the attitude and demand of a large number of women by establishing several girls' schools, holding meetings and gatherings, establishing a magazine and raising awareness among women and have provided the conditions and Introduction for their entry into the community. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the data are collected in a library method.

Falk medicine a mixture of superstition and false beliefs and sometimes signs of traditional medicine.that mostly deals with folk belifes and superstitions and has never been expressed in an experimental or philosophical school in a coherent way.the en counter of traditional Iranian medicinewith modern western methods caused extensive changes in its previous process. The dominant method of medicine in the society of the Qajar era was traditional medicin but this method of medicine with all its briliant historyin the past has been popularized mix with some superstitious beliefs There was a stagnation in the work of doctors and modern medicine surpassed traditional medicine due to the of culturaleducational and the penetration of the superiority of modern medicine.this reserch using a descriptive-analytical method and using documents and library sources aime to investigate the factors that created the basis for the presence of existence these doctors in the Iranian society during the Qajar era the place of folk beliefs in maintaining health as well as their treatment methods.ignorance poverty and misery the miserable life that most of the people of the Qajar era faced the restrictions and neglect of women in society and family life and polygamy and many other reasons caused the change in beliefs and opinions.the people will be harmed and the tendency towards superstitions will increase to get rid of the problems that plagued them.