فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 47، بهار 1402)

In recent decades, the industrialization of the world has gained an increasing speed and has been accompanied by a greater amount of industrial production, and this has caused an increase in the transportation of goods and subsequently dangerous substances. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the cost of lost time due to the delay caused by the accident of transportation of hazardous materials in 2 routes with a common origin and destination in the Qazvin-Tehran routes as a case stusy.

In the present research, the cost of delay caused by accidents and incidents of dangerous substances is calculated and compared to 2 different routes with the same origin and destination using a descriptive-analytical method. The case study in this research was 2 Qazvin-Tehran routes, which calculated the cost of delay caused by hazardous materials accidents at points with different AADT along the 2 study routes and compared with each other.

The findings of this research showed that the amount of wasted time on route 1 was 1441496 and on route 2 was 663268 person-hours, and the cost of delay in these two routes was calculated as 16.96 billion rials and 7.8 billion rials, respectively. By comparing the obtained calculations, the difference is more than 2 times the wasted time and its Rial cost is evident.

Therefore, the obtained criteria can be considered as one of the effective criteria in choosing the route in the transportation of dangerous materials and by making the necessary arrangements, a bed can be provided so that dangerous materials can be transported safely.

Cities are required to meet the needs of their citizens. In the way of encountering the needs of damage, natural and unnatural damage in the city environment makes this process more complicated and on the other hand it can show. The issue of passive defense in such cases where the saving of human lives is a key factor, provides the conditions for organizing the city and resolving the issues. Therefore, every fire station must be able to send its rescue forces to the scene of the incident within 5 minutes from the time the fire is detected until it is contained. Therefore, the correct distribution of fire stations in the city is one of the essential and key issues in advanced cities. In this regard, the present research has investigated the spatial distribution of fire stations in Tabriz city in critical conditions. In other words, the aim of this article is to analyze the optimal distribution of fire stations in Tabriz city with the passive defense approach.

According to the purpose of the research, the descriptive-analytical research method and the use of library studies have been used to prepare the questionnaire. In this research, Delphi technique as well as Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method and network analysis have been used to evaluate the importance of information layers. The effective layers in locating suitable areas for firefighting centers have been combined and overlapped. In this regard, proximity to compatible uses, distance from incompatible uses, population density, access, land price and functional radius of fire stations have been considered in the context of geographic information system. The criteria for locating fire stations have been selected by studying the literature, and after checking the effective criteria, its application has been evaluated in a case study.

The population factor should be considered as one of the important components in the construction of fire stations. Therefore, the areas with high population density are considered to be suitable areas for building fire stations. On the other hand, factors such as proximity to main roads, land price, coverage radius of existing fire stations, proximity to residential, commercial, medium and small sports areas, proximity to gas stations and distance from passenger terminal, religious centers, health care centers and big sport complexes are among the important factors in locating and building fire stations. According to the network analysis, the 5-minute time coverage of existing fire stations in Tabriz city is 55%, and therefore, the lack of this essential use in the city can pointed out.

Based on the results of the analysis, three priorities and necessities were identified and introduced according to the existing conditions in order to build new fire station locations. Thus, the northern and northwestern parts of Tabriz city were evaluated as suitable parts, the central parts of the city relatively unsuitable and the southeastern parts of Tabriz unsuitable for building fire stations.

Climatic changes such as floods and droughts and increasing urbanization and poor infrastructure create great challenges in the management of cities and realize vulnerability in different dimensions. Although four decades have passed since the preparation and implementation of urban plans, not much success has been achieved in practice. In this regard, the current research has been done by presenting a model to make local, urban and regional development plans more resilient.

By examining resilience indicators, factors and strategies to reduce flood losses were identified using the Delphi method and the expert elicitation considering the inputs of 16 experts, and included in local, urban and regional development plans, and finally a proposed model has been obtained that includes resilience for development plans.

Climate change, land use, considering the river’s boundaries and participation have been identified as four important indicators in the research. Also, fairness, productivity, creativity, organization, adaptability, agility, cooperation, connection, independence, predictive capacity, diversity, redundancy. coordination, resources, acceptability, stability, strength with four dimensions of resilience, to show the relationship between cities and resilience characteristics of a city.

The need to prepare a plan for the care and maintenance of the existing infrastructure with specific timing phases, establishing inter-organizational communication of various devices and organizations for cooperation and multilateralism in the protection programs of the cities, monitoring the good implementation of the laws related to the prohibition of conservation and focusing on public participation are among the main requirements of resilient-based planning of development projects in urban areas.

emergency evacuation is one of the first stages of crisis management, and reducing the time of complete evacuation has a great effect on reducing casualties caused by accidents. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of architectural design factors as well as the effect of changes in the initial plan during construction and operation on the evacuation time of mosques.

The research method is applied in nature, descriptive, analytical, and results are explanatory. This study has been carried out by using the agent-based model to simulating the emergency evacuation, by making changes in the state of corridors and exits, with the aim of reducing the evacuation time and reducing the population density during evacuation. Therefore, Malayer University Mosque was selected as a case study and in four different scenarios, the crowd evacuation was simulated based on the initial plan of the consultant, the existing situation, the proposed 1 and 2 plans.

The evacuation time and the population density in corridors and exits were investigated and compared in four different scenarios. The comparison of complete evacuation time and average evacuation time in proposed plans 1 and 2 shows that creating two exit doors (with a width equal to one door in other options) in the main courtyard of the mosque in proposed plan 2 does not help much to reduce the overall evacuation time of the building. The average distance traveled in the proposed plan 1 has decreased by 23% and 36.6% compared to the original plan and the existing situation, respectively. The average distance in the proposed plan 2 has also decreased by 32.7% and 44.5% compared to the original plan and the existing situation, respectively. The average distance traveled in proposed plan 2 has also decreased by 12.4% compared to proposed plan 1.

The results obtained from the simulation of four different scenarios indicated that the current situation due to the blocking of the main exit of the people on the south side of the building, has the worst time for the complete evacuation of the building among the four different scenarios, which shows the importance of managing buildings and gathering centers in especially the changes of exit routes during operation. By using the change in architectural variables (which includes the increase of exit doors and the average distance traveled), the complete evacuation time of the building can be reduced by 67.2%. Comparing the average distances traveled shows that although the increase in the number of doors in the courtyard of the mosque has not helped much in reducing the time of complete evacuation of the building; but reducing the distance traveled can play an important role in preventing more people from bumping into each other and also preventing fatigue, especially for the elderly, disabled and children.

Earthquake as one of the most important natural hazards in cities, causes huge financial and human losses every year, and one of the most necessary measures in this field is the application of disaster risk management principles. One of the most important requirements of those affected by natural hazards is to have a safe shelter.

The type of research is applied and conducted based on descriptive-analytical approach. Based on effective criteria for the optimal location of emergency and temporary housing, 19 information layers of Damghan city were used, and then a map of suitable areas for emergency and temporary housing was prepared using Fuzzy model and ArcGIS software.

The results obtained showed that, the parts located within the boundaries of Daneshjoo Park and Jungle Park, Imam neighborhood, Baharestan neighborhood, Mosala (under construction), Golestan settlement and Mehr housing, University of Basic Sciences Damghan, Imam Hossein, 15 Khordad, Daneshjoo and Saadi squares in the city of Damghan had a higher priority for locating emergency and temporary housing after a possible earthquake, which requires the proper attention of organizations and departments (municipality, governorate, Red Crescent, etc.) In the field of providing and equipping the infrastructure, providing necessary tools, equipment and items (medicine, food, water and energy sources, etc.) during possible earthquake in Damghan city, along with the education of all citizens and their participation. It should be noted that the rest of the existing urban area of Damghan, which is about 70% of the urban area, needs serious attention considering crisis management caused by a possible earthquake and is not suitable for emergency and temporary housing.

The main crisis management strategy is to build emergency and temporary housing bases for earthquake survivors to reduce the damaging effects after an earthquake. Therefore, in urban land use planning in cities such as Damghan, it is necessary to locate land use suitable for earthquake risk such as rescue and rescue centers and shelters according to the population and other geographical and climatic conditions (weather and wind conditions).

A suitable place for temporary accommodation after an earthquake is one of the main challenges of crisis management, especially in developing countries. Therefore, it is necessary to create location plans for the homeless population before the incident of earthquake. The purpose of this article was to identify and rank suitable places for temporary accommodation among green spaces, barren spaces and sports spaces in Semnan city by knowing the features of location for temporary accommodation.

This research is a part of applied research. It is descriptive-analytical research from the data collection point of view, and is hybrid research from the data type point of view. In this research, using the last updated comprehensive plan of Semnan city in 2014, and the expert elicitations was used to analyze the indicators through using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method. The AHP has been conducted using Expert choice software. Arc GIS10 software has been used to determine and prioritize the best options for creating temporary housing in Semnan against earthquake event.

In this research, 12 main criteria have been selected to choose the best option for creating temporary accommodation places during the earthquake in Semnan city. The location process has been done in the form of 3 functional areas of the city, including public green spaces, barren lands, and sports centers as population settlement areas. Based on this, the location of temporary accommodation of 32 points has been evaluated and prioritized.

According to the results, Semnan city has been ranked into 6 operational areas and the facilities have been divided into three levels: main, temporary (local) and backup. The main sites are the most essential sites in grad 1 crisis events. The temporary sites are useful in all types of crises (1st grade, 2nd grade, and 3rd grade). Meanwhile, the supportive sites in the next stage should accommodate the population of their surrounding area and at the same time join the crisis management in the local headquarters.

The main goal of this research is to know the methods of temporary accommodation, the feasibility of each of them in order to find an efficient management method for the temporary accommodation of victims after the earthquake in Pardis city. Also, the proposed solution will be feasible next to the existing and common solutions, and according to the feasibility criteria, the best option will be selected.

The present research is quantitative in nature, which is a combination of technical literature review, including books, treatises and articles, internet searches, conducting interviews with the studied community, receiving existing data and reporting field visits. Also, data analysis has been done through TOPSIS evaluation method and Excel software has been used.

During the recent decades, the world has always witnessed the occurrence of natural disasters that have caused irreparable economic and social losses. Adopting the correct method of temporary accommodation is one of the most important and challenging management measures during or after the crisis occurence, which includes several different methods. In the present study, some of them were removed from the evaluation stage due to their non-functionality in urban areas, and only five methods of temporary housing in their own land, relatives’s houses, neighborhood green spaces, neighborhood public buildings, and camp housing were evaluated.

The results of the analysis of the questionnaires with the TOPSIS evaluation method, the superiority and efficiency of the collective method in the parks and open spaces of the neighborhoods were proved compared to other methods. For this purpose, two sites in Pardise Phase 2, have been proposed as a multi-purpose park to be used for temporary housing of the survivors in addition to their efficiency in normal conditions.