نشریه مطالعات جنگ
پیاپی 7 (زمستان 1399)

The present article has been done on the subject of developing passive defense at sea and in the field of safety. The method of this research is descriptive and the type of research is applied. The statistical population of this study is the senior deck operations officers of Nedaja headquarters, the senior deck operations officers of Nedaja regions, the commanders of Nedaja surface units, the commanders of Nedaja sea air units, the officials of the maritime area command post who are 80 people. The statistical population has been selected as a statistical sample population as a whole. The questionnaire of this research consists of 117 questions based on the hypotheses and literature of the research and after the validity stages, to distribute, collect, convert information into numerical data by Excel software, obtain frequencies and draw graphs, the action and validity of the questionnaire Calculated by Cronbach's alpha test by SPSS software. In this way, a close relationship has been established between the research variables, research literature and questionnaire, and while analyzing the variables using inferential statistics test, the hypotheses have been proved. The main influential variables were extracted through Friedman test under SPSS software and the desired pattern algorithm

Pirates, once trapped in the realms of storytelling, movies, and cartoons, have for years gone so far as to invade parts of the world; Annually, there are numerous reports of pirate raids and attacks on ships in international waters. The international community has felt threatened by the increase in this crime in the open waters of the world. Maritime terrorism is also the second type of non-state actors that pose a threat to shipping. Maritime terrorism is as difficult to define as piracy, because terrorism is not an ideology, but a kind of insurgent strategy that can be used by people with very different political beliefs. Terrorism at sea is important when we know that 90% of world trade takes place by sea; Thus, maritime security is strongly linked to the global economy and global transit. Based on the above hypotheses, this article seeks to answer the question of what are the new threats of piracy and maritime terrorism and what is the solution to deal with these threats? The temporary answer to this question is that, given that the vast volume of trade and the global strategic balance will continue to be the case in the oceans and seas in the future; The idea of ​​the present article is that comprehensive solutions in the international arena can be effective in solving the problem.

Equipped with advanced cyber technologies, the ISIS terrorist group is one of the sects that has advanced its goals, propagated ideology, attracted audiences and carried out terrorist operations. Cyber ​​terrorism is a new form of terrorism that can achieve its goals without posing a threat to other perpetrators of terrorism. Many of the group's activities in cyberspace are objective examples of cyber terrorism. The group has suffered serious setbacks in recent months with the loss of its geographical territory; But he is thinking of launching a cyber caliphate. Some believe that in the future, this group will become a virtual organization that, by losing its financial and oil resources, will use hackers to make money and carry out terrorist operations to steal money and credit from individuals and banks. The main purpose of this article is to examine the threats of cyber terrorism and to analyze the movements of ISIL in cyberspace. To this end, after examining the concepts of cyber terrorism, cyber attacks and cyber weapons, we will examine ISIL's actions in cyberspace and analyze the reasons for revealing the cyber operations of the United States from a strategic perspective. The results of this study show that, like traditional wars, the US cyber war against this terrorist group is the best opportunity to demonstrate US cyber capabilities and a deterrent to countries that have cyber conflicts with the US due to the isolation of this self-proclaimed government worldwide.

Enemies' capabilities, intentions, and actions to prevent their own successful achievement of national security interests and goals are threatened. Threats can be examined from different perspectives, the most common of which is the division of the dimensions of the threat, which are four dimensions: political, economic, social and military threat. Other divisions of the types of threats have been expressed by experts, including the division of Joseph Nye, who has divided the threats into two groups of hard and soft threats. The military threat is a traditional focus of national security concerns. Military threats are important because other threats also lead to this type of threat in acute situations. In this descriptive-analytical applied article, the research question is "What are the dimensions of internal and external threats and what is the position of military threats among the threats?" An attempt has been made to give a general explanation of the various dimensions of internal and external threats and the characteristics of military threats. In examining military threats, the military capability of the enemy must be examined both quantitatively and qualitatively. Modern military power does not depend on individual courage or significant reserves of readiness, but mainly on teamwork and other factors. Involved in combat power depends.

Cyberspace is a very sensitive and sensitive environment that with its special features has fundamental differences with the real tangible space. Considering these complexities and distinctions, cyber warfare is one of the most dangerous types of war and conflict and due to the existence of such These are special features that most human affairs, including war, have found their way into this new space; Iran has also been the target of such attacks many times, a clear example of which is the cyber attacks called Stuxnet virus on Natanz nuclear facilities. With this in mind, since the main purpose of conscription in any society is training for war and war situations, on the other hand, in view of the wise statements of the Supreme Leader that cyber warfare and They consider soft war to be very sensitive and dangerous, so that in a speech dated 2012, which he emphasized among the people involved in this field, if he were not the leader of the revolution today, he would have become the head of the country's cyberspace. This shows the importance of this field in the eyes of the Supreme Leader of the Revolution, so it is necessary to train specialized soldiers with a jihadist and revolutionary spirit in this field. The present study seeks to explain the need for conscription in this field by presenting the scope and scope of cyber warfare and its characteristics; Therefore, this research, which has been written by the method of libraries, with a calculated future research, is in line with the quality of the service of the conscription system in Iran and offers suggestions in this field.

By changing the nature of the damage to the threat to the environment, it takes on the color of security and forces the actors to express their actions and reactions and to use the appropriate hardware and software tools. To shake hands, to try to threaten each other economically, socially and in terms of terrorism; What is more, these areas have lower direct costs and have a greater impact in the long run. Thus, we are facing a new era in which the increasing emphasis of cyber technologies in the paradigm of military superiority is evident. The influence of cyber infrastructure in political, economic, social and military affairs is so great that today cyber warfare has become doubly important due to its ability to engage the country's vital infrastructure. Considering issues such as uncertainty in identifying a cyber attacker, special sensitivities in showing the country's cyber capabilities and ambiguity in identifying the exact time and extent of cyber attack and the need to respond quickly and immediately to cyber attacks; Cyber ​​deterrence has become a major challenge for the country. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of cyber warfare and identify its effective components in cyber deterrence. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. The study of the theoretical foundations of the research showed that coping, invulnerability, flexibility, invisibility of interdependence are strategies that can be effective components of cyber warfare.