نشریه مطالعات ملی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 94، تابستان 1402)

The purpose of this article is to investigate the contribution of forms of conflict, competition and cooperation in the relationship between the government and ethnic groups during the Islamic Republic and the evolution of the relationship between the government and ethnic groups between 1979 and 2018. The main question of the research is related to the understanding of the developments in the relations between the government and the ethnic groups in the Islamic Republic of Iran in the years 1979 to 2018. It seems that in the first decade of the Islamic Republic, there was a mixture of forms of conflict, competition and cooperation in the relationship between the government and the ethnic groups. But gradually, in the following decades and until 2018, under the influence of the political opportunity structure in the political system, the pattern of competition and cooperation was strengthened. In traditional Iran, under the construction of the scattered and non-ideological power of Mulūk Al-Ṭawā'ifi, the relationship between the state and ethnicities was more based on cooperation, and in the Pahlavi period, under the construction of centralized and ideological power of the modern absolute state, the relationship between the state and ethnicities was more based on conflict. But in the period of the Islamic Republic, with the transition from the unstable power of the early years to the construction of power based on the constitution and the establishment of security stability and development approaches and the discussion of justice and public participation, the relationship between the government and ethnic groups has evolved into a spectrum of conflict, competition and cooperation. In this article, using the theory of political opportunity structure and the analysis of identity politics resulting from the construction of government power, more diverse aspects of the relationship between the government and ethnic groups in Iran between 1979 and 2018 have been discussed. The research method is qualitative and explanatory, historical.

National identity is the highest level of collective identity in every country. The current research aims to investigate the lived experiences of teenagers about the role of traditional and modern media in national identity and has been investigated by phenomenological method which is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in the nature of data. The statistical population of the research is all teenagers aged 12 to 18 in Ardabil city. The sample size included 17 teenage students who were selected by purposeful sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation and the data was analyzed based on thematic analysis. The findings showed that, based on the lived experiences of the participants, the gap between knowledge, attitude and behavior towards national identity was evident in traditional and modern media, so that the national identity and its dimensions among the teenagers whose dominant media is the type of modern media is less than the teenagers whose dominant media is the type of traditional media. The national identity of teenagers who use traditional media is more formed, coherent and real, and the national identity of people who use modern media is unstable and numerous. An identity that can be called a transnational or global identity according to some characteristics. Teenagers with the dominant consumption of traditional media have tried to protect the traditional sources of national identity. On the other hand, the teenagers with the dominant consumption of modern media have represented themselves in favor of a global or cosmopolitan identity.

Citizenship education is derived from society's values and ideology and is a part of the national identity that causes a sense of belonging, especially in the early years of life. Education as an important institution in society should deal with the issue of citizenship education of students. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to develop an instructional package for citizenship education (identification of goals, components, methods of education) in social communications for elementary school students. The research was conducted with a qualitative approach to content analysis in the form of a themed network. The participants of the research were second-year elementary school teachers who were selected for a purposeful sampling method, purposive sampling using the method of key experts and using the theoretical saturation criterion (16 people). In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect the required data. In answering the first question of the research, what are the goals of citizenship education in social communication, the findings of three overarching themes with the titles of head, heart and health skills and seven organizing components (self-awareness, communication skills, empathy, interpersonal skills, etc.) and 41 basic themes (individual identity, collective identity, commitment, etc.) were summarized. The results of the second question regarding the identification of the components of citizenship education in the field of social communication include three overarching themes including knowledge, skill and attitude and four organizing themes (cognitive, emotional, attitudinal-motivational and skillful), fifteen basic themes (encouragement, punishment, patriotism, godliness, etc.) was summarized. The results of the third question regarding the teaching methods of citizenship education included two inclusive themes, including active education and passive education, five organizing themes (interactive, problem-oriented, direct, indirect, individual) and 25 basic themes (game, speech, show, etc.). Finally, the findings of the current research confirmed the importance of paying attention to specific individual and social goals, paying attention to knowledge, skills and attitudes, and applying active and passive education methods in citizenship education.

The issue of the Kurds has been one of the most challenging ethnic issues in contemporary Iran. Most of researches that have been done in connection with the Kurds, have focused on how this ethnic relate to the sovereignty, and less has been done on the internal socio-political life of the Kurds. In other words,the main assumption of most of the researches related to the Kurds emphasizes the homogeneity of the Kurdish community, while from the point of view of this article, the Kurds are not a homogenous group like many other communities. The dynamics of Kurds' social transformation, which are based on the two distinctions of tradition-modernity and convergence-divergence, have led to the emergence of social cleavages among them. Therefore, in this regard, we have tried to examine the most important social cleavages and their political consequences among the Kurds with using the Historical Sociological approach, and the library studies and interview techniques. The results of this research showed a set of traditional and modern social construction cleavages such as tribal, religious, linguistic, generational, and gender cleavages along with some political cleavages such as ideological conflicts, political elites' competitions, and conflicts. Party and intra-party differences among the Kurds have caused the political identity of the Kurds to be a plural political identity and no political movement among the Kurds can ever become hegemonic.

The purpose of this research is to investigate how the image of Iranian women is reflected in foreign travelogues. Foreign tourists have provided important information about the social conditions of Iranian society in their travelogues. Therefore, studying these texts as one of the most significant sources in the field of anthropology and social history can help us to better understand the role and position of women in the life and social life of Iranians. This study is a descriptive and analytical research, which uses library sources to examine how women are represented in travelogues. The findings of the research indicate that although some reports indicate the weak and inferior role and position of women compared to men, many reports also indicate that women play an equal and sometimes superior role in They have had a significant presence and role in different social, economic and political fields. Therefore, it seems analyzes that emphasize the patriarchal rule and gender inequality in the culture and history of Iranian society by adopting a macroscopic and generalist approach can be viewed with doubt.

The current research was conducted with the aim of explaining the role of happy programs of the Nasim TV channel in strengthening internal unity and cohesion. The main question in this research is: What role do Nasim's happy programs play in strengthening internal unity and cohesion? In response to the research question, a hypothesis is proposed as follows: Happy programs of the Nasim TV channel play an effective role in strengthening internal unity and cohesion by attracting domestic audiences, paying attention to national culture and identity and expanding public trust in the society. This research is practical and has been done in a descriptive-analytical way. The statistical population of the research included the citizens of Tehran between the ages of 20 and 60 years, and the number of the statistical sample was estimated to be 384 people based on Cochran's formula. Sampling has been done by random method and the data was collected based on fun and periodic programs of the Nasim TV channel which have been broadcasted in different seasons in recent years. The findings indicate that Nasim's happy programs have been effective in terms of attracting domestic audiences, injecting a calming atmosphere in society, strengthening subcultures and national identity, and expanding public trust and it plays a role in strengthening internal unity and cohesion.

The environment means surrounding, encompassing, the place of human life such as country, city, society or family. The effects of habitat and geographical environment on human behavior cannot be ignored. When talking about the analysis of the environment, in fact, the search for the organization of relationships between behaviors and the environment is addressed. One of the methods of investigating life paradigms is the life model approach. Life modeling is applied knowledge that draws inspiration from the study of designs, systems and natural processes to solve human problems. The general purpose of the research is to investigate and evaluate life paradigms in the architecture of Takht-e-Soleiman complex according to the climatic conditions of the region. In this research, the authors have studied and researched by referring to sources, documents and documents. The research method of this research is based on the general descriptive and interpretive method as well as the exploratory analytical method. In this article, the authors analyzed the findings using AHP analytical software. The lack of information about the Takht-e-Soleiman complex shows a lack of attention to culture and national identity. This article tries to pay attention to this issue as much as possible because this place has various potentials in terms of history and culture to attract foreign tourists and domestic tourists. The historical work of Takht-e-Soleiman is a manifestation of the heritage of the formation of civilization and is like a container full of natural, cultural, historical and social values.

One of the approaches to restoration of urmia lake to prevent the drought is the transfer of water from part of Zab river to Urmia lake. This water transfer can have different consequences. The purpose of this study is to investigate the future status of water transfer in the Zab river to Urmia lake. The present study is applied and, in terms of nature, is descriptive. Data collection is done through documentary studies and interviews. The data analysis was performed by interaction analysis with software MICMAC. In the research process, variables were classified into four categories: self - governing, independent, dependent and bound. Four scenarios with GBN approach in scenario 1: artemia living with the characteristics of political stability and sustainable security. Second scenario: fire under ashes with the characteristics of the start of a challenge, scenario 3: dry Kabudan with the features of continuation of current status and continuity of it, and the fourth scenario: sad zab with features of unbalanced development, political crisis and insecurity were presented.