نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال چهارم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Introduction :

In today’s world, branding is one of the key factors in the success of marketing and exporting products and services. The market is not an arena for product competition but for commercial brands to compete [1]. Meanwhile, some brands show the identity of a city [2]. Over the past hundred years, cities have absorbed a large percentage of the world’s population. The United Nations estimates that by 2030, more than 60% of the world’s population will live in cities, growing at a rate of about 55 million people per year [3]. On the other hand, branding has been paid more attention in the service industry today than in the past [4]. Urban branding is a new concept and is introduced as a process that defines the unique physical characteristics of the city and captures the essence of the place [5]. One of the new approaches to the sustainable development of cities is their branding. City branding is fast becoming a popular public policy tool for governments, as it relates to city image, as well as achieving a variety of urban development goals [6]. Urban branding has become one of the primary policies for achieving sustainability in many countries. In this way, many strategies can be used to create city and place branding [7]. In addition, urban branding is not only limited to promoting a positive image of the city, but with further expansion, it can turn it into an urban experience [5].That rapid development has led to the creation of new standards in market demand. This process of change and growth in demand has profoundly changed the competitive environment and traditional business strategies, models, and processes. Digital technologies have a significant impact on the way to imagine the city and create new businesses in it [8]. Although digitalization is not limited to new developments in entrepreneurship, business models are facing a major shift toward digital environments. In addition to new businesses launched from the opportunities created by digitization, branches, and existing businesses change from offline businesses to online businesses and create “digital entrepreneurship” as a new form of entrepreneurial activities [9]. Therefore, the need for more sustainable business development [11], growing demands for high-quality service businesses [12, 13], and increased competition in markets have helped foster new forms of digital entrepreneurship in creative industries in cities [14]. The rapid and recent development of technology [14] has caused entrepreneurs to innovate in digital entrepreneurship by focusing on new business opportunities [15] and with the development of digital entrepreneurship in creative industries, it is now considered a key motivator of economic growth and attracts more innovative entrepreneurs [13]. As can be seen, urban branding based on digital entrepreneurship in creative industries has not been given the attention it should and the need to study and design a model for planning and development in this regard is quite evident. Considering all the mentioned issues, the purpose of this research is to design and present the mentioned model.

In terms of philosophy, the current research has an interpretive paradigm. In terms of purpose, it is developmental-applied and in terms of method; it is in the category of descriptive research. The current research has investigated the city of Tehran using the case study strategy, in which the qualitative content analysis approach has been used to collect data. To collect data, a qualitative content analysis approach has been used. The tool used is a semi-structured questionnaire, which was distributed among 23 experts, including creative industry businesses and digital entrepreneurs in this field (professors and managers of cultural industries), as well as managers of Tehran Municipality. The chain reference technique (snowball) sampling plan has been used in this research. In this way, reaching theoretical saturation, 23 people were interviewed. The three-step coding method (open coding, central coding, and selective coding) was used to code the data obtained from the interviews. The reliability coefficient was also equal to 0.823

The first part of the analysis is the open coding stage, which is specifically related to naming and categorizing the phenomenon through a detailed examination of the data. In other words, in this type of coding, the concepts in the interviews and documents are classified based on their relationship with similar topics. In this way, the primary codes are extracted in this section. The codes obtained in this step include 172 codes. In the second stage, axial coding is done, the purpose of which is to create a relationship between the generated categories (in the open coding stage). And finally, selective coding based on the results of open coding and axial coding is the main stage of theorizing. In this way, it systematically relates the central category to other categories and presents those relationships in the framework of a narrative, and corrects the categories that need further improvement and development. According to the results obtained in the two stages of axial and selective coding, there are 52 axial codes in ten sub-categories. The final result of this research is to design a model in three main categories: urban branding factors (including infrastructure, branding strategies, competitiveness, and location marketing), digital entrepreneurship factors (including infrastructure, internal and external factors), and creative industries factors (including ecosystem, knowledge and creativity and innovation).   

The results of the current research showed that there is a subset of influential factors in each variable. Attention and application of these factors in economic and development planning can be like a stepping stone for the future branding of Tehran and, of course, other cities of the country. Therefore, according to the mentioned gap, designing a model for urban branding based on digital entrepreneurship in creative industries, the purpose of this research is stated. City branding, which itself refers to the movement of capital to the city, can be strengthened in the context of digital entrepreneurship and lead to urban growth and development with creativity and innovation in creative industries and attract more financial and human capital.The category of infrastructure in urban branding factors refers to the importance of the role of laws in creating an emotional image. Laws can limit some ads that harm the created image from an emotional point of view. On the other hand, basic comfort and entertainment facilities, services and hotels suitable for tourists, and urban infrastructure such as public transportation, etc., strongly influence the city’s image in the minds of tourists. In the category of branding strategies, the image of a city can also lead to word-of-mouth advertising by tourists who have visited the destination city. On the other hand, by attracting famous and well-known brands in various industries, especially creative industries, the city’s brand can be strengthened and developed. These brands themselves provide extensive advertising for the city and bear its cost. With the presence of these brands in every city, the city’s brand will be strengthened unconsciously.In the factors of digital entrepreneurship in the category of infrastructure, the importance of basic digital services that make up the modern urban foundation, as well as the role of cultural centers and dependencies, have been expressed. Cultural centers create a cultural infrastructure, as a result of which demanding citizens and responsible managers strengthen the city’s brand. On the other hand, paying attention to internal organizational factors in digital entrepreneurship can attract capital from outside the cities toward the destination city. This is important not only for material capital but also for knowledge capital and human resources. Also, external organizational factors can help the development of the city brand through entrepreneurial support industries from the digital entrepreneurship sector. In this category, the dynamic economy, the diversity of businesses, and the presence of international businesses are all signs of attention to business and entrepreneurship, especially in the digital sector, and the impact these businesses can have on the development of the city’s brand.The factor of creativity and innovation in the factors of creative industries refers to various ideas that, if invested in, can effectively transform Tehran into one of the most successful megacities in the world. One of these factors is the Iranian Silicon Valley. The existence of the Iranian Silicon Valley can provide conditions for the further development of this city

Introduction :

Among the most important consequences of the evacuation of urban centers, we can mention economic stagnation, population evacuation, unfavorable urban governance, a decrease in shopping demand, and lack of infrastructure investments. Therefore, the revival and revitalization of urban centers, as the beating heart of cities, play a significant role in improving the quality of life of residents. Business improvement district (BID) is considered one of the most successful methods with an economic approach to urban centers. The purpose of this research is to measure and extract the drivers of business improvement district in district 6 of Tehran with a future research approach. In using the method of business improvement district by revitalizing the centers in a city, it is logical and necessary to have a forward-looking perspective for planning and policy-making. District 6 of Tehran, due to its location in the center of the communication gravity of Tehran and the prevalence of informal economic jobs, has caused special traffic characteristics in this area. Considering the pattern of daily trips, the city of Tehran, District 6, has the highest number of daily trips.

This study is based on the new method of future studies, in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of quantitative method and in terms of its nature, which was carried out by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The statistical population of this research for the future study of the business improvement district in district 6 of Tehran was 15 managers and experts specializing in the urban area. In the processing of information from the method of analysis of mutual effects to variables, based on the influence and the direct and indirect influence of each element has been used in MICMAC software. Using the Delphi method, 31 primary drivers have been identified. 

The result of the research indicates that the key driver influencing the creation of a business environment in district 6 of Tehran has not been identified. Also, two-faceted factors such as good urban governance, the performance of the municipality in providing services and facilities, the state of private and public sector investment, quality of buildings and materials in the housing and construction sector have a very high capacity to become key elements in the system. Variables like proper productivity of cultural and recreational capacities, the amount of travel in the region, the amount of customer attraction in the district, the development process of commercial constructions in the district, and the security of the entire district have been extracted as target variables, which indicate that the system can be developed according to its plan and purpose. Other variables have been extracted under the subgroup of regulatory, independent, and influential factors, which have an influential and passive position and cannot play a vital role in the dynamics of the business environment of the district. Therefore, the creation of a business environment in district 6 of Tehran is subject to special attention to the key drivers, which have the most points in the total of potential direct relationships and potential indirect relationships. The driver of “skilled and trained manpower” has the highest potential direct impact on other research variables. In the second place is the driver “level of social participation” and “driver of the state of social anomalies and harms” is in the third order of influence. By adopting a future research approach and taking into consideration the key drivers obtained in the current research, the decisions and plans of urban management will be directed and placed on a targeted path to improve the business areas of district 6 of Tehran.

By making decisions and carrying out measures such as education and training of specialized human capital, increasing motivation, competitiveness, and social participation, and reducing social anomalies at the regional level, it is possible to provide dynamic fields and business improvement district in the study area. This research can be a beginning for futures studies in the field of improving business areas. Evaluating the current situation of the extracted key drivers in the study area and presenting a strategic plan to implement the approach of business improvement district in the case studies of Tehran can be a topic for researchers in the coming years.

Introduction :

The issue of competitiveness is an important and central issue that is referred to as a means to achieve favorable economic growth and sustainable development. A city’s competitiveness depends on a set of factors that include the type of governance, global communications, social and economic infrastructure, the quality of human capital and the natural environment, the business environment, and the capabilities of local institutions. During the last few decades, the city of Sanandaj as the capital of Kurdistan province, with increasing population growth and migration, has led to the construction and many changes in the spatial structure, especially the skeletal-physical growth and expansion of the city in unfavorable natural locations. The spatial situation of the old fabric and the historical market in the center of the geographical gravity of the city and the loading of tourism-recreational potentials, especially in Abidar, Qeshlaq River, and the natural edges can be emphasized in determining the factors, the patterns, and indicators that are necessary to pay attention to address urban issues and especially competition The adaptability of the urban economy has made it necessary. While reviewing the concepts, approaches, and theories of urban competitiveness and urban regeneration, this research will provide patterns, themes, and indicators of sustainable urban competitiveness, emphasizing the economy-based procedure in sustainable regeneration management programs.

Methods and Materials:

The nature of the current research methodology is developmental based on the result and descriptive-analytical based on the nature, purpose, and method. According to the problem of the present research, citations, indicators and criteria, and concepts and patterns extracted from the theoretical foundation’s section through content analysis and qualitative analysis technique (theme analysis) were examined. Also, the current situation of the studied area was examined with the multiple regression method as the main focus of the research. We applied content data analysis and coding, bibliographic software (VOSviewer), and software (SPSS20) in the title, abstract, keyword, text, and results of articles in the English language in authentic journals including articles or review articles, published in (ScienceDirect) and (Scopus) publications. A total of (623) documents containing one of the keywords of urban competitiveness, and economic regeneration were examined and studied in these scientific bases. Also, the statistical population (76) people through random sampling available includes organizations and institutions involved in urban regeneration and affecting the urban economy, as well as public and private institutions of Sanandaj city in connection with selected areas as study samples including (amusement park Abider mountain tourism has been determined as a macro sign and urban indicator, traditional market as historical identity, Qashlaq river and natural edges.

First stage: qualitative part; These results indicate that (ScienceDirect) 311 documents and (Scopus) 312 documents in total (623) valid scientific documents containing one of the keywords of urban competitiveness, economic regeneration have been examined and studied in these scientific databases. Finally, by reviewing (15) articles of valid scientific articles that had the most thematic and content relationship with the research title and the present article was subjected to final analysis. The highest number of articles and scientific documents published in this period is related to the year (2021) and related to research articles with (61.1). Publications (Sustainability Switzerland) have the most scientific citations based on the year of publication in the field of urban regeneration and competitiveness. The largest number of articles in this field in terms of geographical territory is assigned to America with (202) articles, followed by England with (96) and the United States of America with (90) articles. Based on the content and qualitative analysis and review of Table No. (1), the results of the coding show (55) criteria/indicators, (12) themes (content and procedures), and (5) the main components of “social, economic, environmental, political, administrative, physical. The results of the secondary analysis extracted from primary coding are reviewed in table number (2). Second stage: Quantitative part To prepare a questionnaire to investigate the identification of models, indicators/criteria, and concepts affecting the economic competitiveness of Sanandaj city and the selected statistical population through the Delphi method and the questionnaire tool, the statistical population (76 people) through random sampling available from employees and employees in organizations and institutions involved in urban regeneration and influencing the urban economy, as well as public and private institutions of Sanandaj city about selected areas as studied examples including (Abider mountain amusement and tourism park as a macro sign and urban indicator, traditional market as historical identity, Qashlaq river and natural edges). According to the combined method of research and determining the themes through qualitative content analysis, the number (12) of inferred themes from the first stage of analysis will be exploited and analyzed in the final analysis. The results of table number (6) also show that there is a significant difference in the theoretical mean (number 3) (p<0.05). Based on the model at the first level, the changing themes of urban economic competitiveness of the city have been investigated. In total, the themes of “Urban investment”, “Competitiveness of urban events”, “Competitive development of land uses”, “Competitiveness of urban tourism”, “Housing and economic competition”, and “Competitiveness in creating access in cities” the average have been assessed to be above the theoretical average of evaluation.  This is examined in detail in table number (7) and shows this matter.

The results of the analysis of the sources and the results of the questionnaire show that the most important categories affecting the competitiveness of urban economic regeneration are in the form of five components (social, management-political, economic, environmental, and physical). By examining and summarizing the theoretical basics and  and applying combined research method including; Qualitative and quantitative content analysis, we submitted (5) thematic keyword as the concept of “creating urban competition through event-oriented programs, investing in the city’s competitive attractions, investing in environmentally friendly industries, developing creativity and competitive innovation in entrepreneurship, Competitiveness at the level of location and housing”; (55) keywords as research indicators “attractiveness of urban historical areas, urban creativity, attractiveness and competitiveness, social structure of the city, urban dynamics, reduction of cultural aspects, urban dispersion, urban innovation, knowledge production , low capital, urban economic attractiveness, global economic competition, development of economic competition, competition between small and medium cities, economic and financial mechanisms, improvement of urban competition, job creation, capital attraction, housing price, promotion of public health, ecology, urban ecosystem , urban expansion policies, location, urban events, economic marginalization, competitiveness of cities, government monetary policy, competitive tourism destinations, business information technology, regional and urban inequalities, pedestrians, redevelopment of historical areas, access , regeneration, land redevelopment, spontaneous development, urban density, distance gone Urban influx, infrastructural investments, historical monuments, housing market, housing renovation, and urban expansion”; and (5) thematic keywords as research models “competition in urban innovation, competitiveness of urban tourism, and urban investment, and urban dispersion and urban competition. Factors of competitiveness in entrepreneurship, housing, and economic competition, the competitiveness of urban events, competition in creating access in cities, competitive development of land uses, the competitiveness of green development, livability investments based on competitive advantage, accumulation and location, and accumulation of activities. These have been extracted from the studies and the conceptual information and process have been presented in detail in the theoretical and conceptual framework diagram (Figure No. (6)).

Introduction :

Cities are expanding at a very fast pace, especially in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia [1]. In 2007, the world’s urban population exceeded 50% for the first time in history, and this ratio is constantly growing [2]. According to predictions made in 2050, about 70% of the world’s population will live in cities [3] and about 90% of this growth will happen in Africa and Asia [4]. Although infrastructure, socioeconomic conditions, nutrition, and health care services are better in cities than in rural areas, living in an urban environment has long been recognized as a risk factor for mental illness [5]. Considering the mentioned advantages, creating a balance between these two issues requires a better understanding of the interaction between urban life and mental health [6]. The impact of urbanization on mental health is very significant and due to the forecast of the increase in the urban population, it is likely to increase in the next few decades [1]. Considering its role as an essential component of public health, mental health is a very important issue and has profound effects on individuals, societies, and the economy [7], and its promotion is necessary to increase the quality of life and resilience of society [8]. According to the World Health Organization report, mental health disorders have become one of the biggest threats to human health in 2020. This also has consequences for economic prosperity, because stress, depression, and anxiety have a great impact on people’s work efficiency [9]. Also, one out of every five adults in the world suffers from a mental disorder [10] and 13% of global diseases have a mental origin [11]. The importance of the relationship between urban life and mental health is so great that the World Psychiatric Association has established a scientific department of urban mental health to study it further [12]. According to the national survey of mental health in Iran, 23.6% of people who have been investigated need psychological interventions and 14.6% of people suffer from anxiety disorder [13]. While few studies have addressed the potential links between aspects of the built environment and mental health, studies in this area have mostly focused on physical health [14].Exposure to high stress and the resulting injuries are the most important factors in increasing the risk of mental disorders [15]. City residents are exposed to higher levels of stressful factors, and exposure to more stress may cause the prevalence of stress-related mental illnesses among city residents [16]. In fact, the stress of modern urban life can be a basis for developing psychosis and mental disorders [17]. In addition to being one of the important causes of physical diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases) and mental diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, and isolation of people), urban stress also increases the number of moral abnormalities and reduces the security of citizens. Besides, the stress of the imposition of high medical costs on citizens also causes the loss of human capital in the city. For this reason, it is necessary for urban planners and designers to consider the mental peace of citizens as an important principle in their plans and designs and to avoid actions that fuel this mental confusion. In fact, considering that creating a healthy urban environment is the main priority of policy-makers [18] and urban stress is increasing in the cities of the world [19], it is necessary to formulate planned urbanization to prevent the negative effects of urban life[20]. Since the beginning of the 20th century, many studies have investigated the relationship between urbanization and stress and effective solutions to it with different approaches. But so far, no study has been done in the direction of urban planning that treats stress in a way that takes into account all the indicators that affect urban stress, discovers the most important indicators based on the connections between them, and presents a conceptual model that affects it. For this purpose, this research has been conducted to analyze the content of previous studies and identify the most important indicators, and present a conceptual model of urban planning that treats stress.

This research is a review and the research method is qualitative. Documentary and library studies were used to collect data and a content analysis method was used to analyze them. In fact, this research analyzes library documents in four basic steps using an interpretive approach and tries to identify, analyze, and explain the connections between stress-relieving urban planning indicators based on the extracted text codes.

The research findings indicate that urban mental health and urban stress have direct and indirect bilateral effects. The indicators extracted from theoretical studies are classified into two groups. The first group increases urban stress and consequently reduces urban mental health and includes cultural and mental deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, amount of time pressure and waste of time and noise pollution. The second group reduces urban stress and consequently improves mental health and includes access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, participation level, residential stability, vitality, degree of resilience, control, and prediction of the environment and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters). It should be mentioned that finally, after examining the final effects and consequences of urban planning, the stress treatment of improving the quality of life in urban environments has been identified as the most important and comprehensive effect of this planning.

As a result, by reducing cultural and psychological deprivation, building density, sensory overload, modern architectural style, traffic density (busy roads), stressful urban design, air pollution, immigration, crime, social deprivation, violence, and economic deprivation, being an ethnic minority, population density, the amount of time pressure and waste of time, noise pollution, increasing access to resources and services, social support, social capital, spatial diversity, social diversity, social interactions, local integration, green space and access to it, sense of belonging, identity, justice in the city, social cohesion, level of participation, residential stability, vitality, level of resilience, control, prediction of the environment, and visibility to the city environment (up to 10 meters) can greatly reduce urban stress and improve the urban psyche health. These indicators were selected after a comprehensive review of the theoretical literature and they cover all the identified indicators according to the effects they have on other indicators and the effects they get from them.

Introduction :

Cities are rapidly undergoing change and transformation, among which we can mention the presence and activity in the virtual space (the second space), parallel to the physical and real space (the first space) of the city. Cities in which activities are being widely carried out in another space (virtual space or the second space). The use of new technologies in the virtual city in urban spaces is increasing day by day. Although most of these technologies have been accepted and praised as a sign of progress in life and a way to make life easier in cities, some people claim that they may witness disruptive changes in life in cities and the city as well. At the same time, not making two spaces in the city, especially cities like Tehran, which has environmental bottlenecks and heavy car traffic, population, and cultural dispersion, causes much damage and lost opportunities. However, there are some disadvantages to joining these spaces that need to be taken into consideration. In this regard, in addition to the fact that it is necessary to develop comprehensive passive defense components and indicators, to prevent the destruction or damage of uses in the physical space and body of the city, a significant part of the activities and flow of social and individual issues and even the relationship between the government and the people (citizens) will be pushed into the second urban space. So, it is necessary to pay attention to the security of this space through passive defense, because of the fact that the city of Tehran, as the driver of the country’s urbanization and the largest center and human settlement, is moving in the direction of intelligentization at a high speed. Therefore, this research seeks to promote the idea that passive defense for the second space or virtual space of this city will also be as important as a passive defense to defend physical space. Therefore, the current research tries to extract and present the key components of passive defense in accordance with the two-space threats of Tehran metropolis and seeks to determine the passive defense components for Tehran metropolis and urban planners and decision-makers. Help to improve security and protect the second space of citizens’ lives in Tehran’s metropolis against various threats by applying the research results in urban development documents, plans, and programs. According to the research problem, the following question is raised; What are the most important key components of passive defense according to two-space threats of the Tehran metropolis?

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical society of the research consists of knowledgeable people, experts, and specialists in the field of passive defense. According to the type of research, the sampling method is based on the purposeful sampling method, and 15 people were determined as the sample size (the statistical population is experts, which include people who are related to having done research on the subject or have worked in jobs related to the subject). Excel software was used to summarize and reduce the data. Also, MICMAC software, which is a structural analysis software, was used to analyze the data and extract the required outputs.

The current research sought to compile the key components of passive defense in accordance with the two-space threats of the Tehran metropolis. Based on the results of the first part of the research findings, between the components of passive defense in accordance with the threats of cyberspace and the second components of Tehran metropolis: cyber security and resilience (var6) (the level of security and resilience of the information element) preventing the theft and exploitation of data and information by the enemy); security of information-based processes (resistance against destruction and manipulation), security of information systems (var7) (system security) information systems (security against data and information destruction); security of information systems (proofing and security against software damage); security of information systems (security and safety) protection against hardware damage); security of computer networks (resistance and protection against software damage); security of computer networks (protection and security) protection against hardware damage; protection for the continuation of virtual space services and prevention of disruption to public order), protection of arteries and virtual infrastructures (var9), leveling and protection of facilities and remote communication infrastructures; leveling and insulation of telecommunication arteries, Support systems (var11) (establishment of support systems and parallelization of computer support systems), blinding enemy information systems (var5) (hiding vital activities and flows and virtual sensitive) in connection with the general and deepening dimension and soft/psychological resilience (var10) (combating the distortion of realities and governance relations in virtual space; Dealing with the division of the people (ethnically) and the gap between the people and the government in the virtual space; Dealing with provocative and riotous factors in the virtual space) related to the political dimension and optimizing and strengthening the media space (var3) (strengthening audio and visual media (radio and television); strengthening the press and electronic media (publications, books, and electronic newspapers); optimization and strengthening of virtual networks and channels) related to the social and cultural dimension, were selected as key factors in the virtual space and the second dimension.

According to the results obtained from the research findings, it is concluded that the number of key factors in the real space is more and the number of influential factors is less, and this indicates that the physical and real space is more flexible and controllable compared to the virtual space is the second because the virtual space has higher influencing factors than the real space which cannot be controlled or it is very difficult to control them and it requires all-around management to divide Tehran metropolis as much as possible.

Introduction :

With the fast advancement of information and communication technology, the realization of smart cities requires a comprehensive and systematic approach so that the cities can be more livable and sustainable in the future. The art of encouraging participation is an efficient tool to change cities into innovative places for modern processes of urban planning. The participation of citizens, businesses, universities, and local governments in urban environments can provide good conditions for the co-creation and creation of knowledge. As a result, citizens find an opportunity to cooperate with other stakeholders in shaping their urban environments and solving technological challenges in the social field. One of the ways to overcome the challenges related to the social dimension of technology is that an experiment should be performed in launching the smart project, so citizens can experience its impact on their lives. This issue caused an increase in initiatives and the emergence of living urban laboratories owing to the nature of smart cities as complex systems. This strategy is partially consistent with the open innovation framework and makes cities question the dominant model of top-down innovation development and implementation and test innovation processes with citizens. Theorists view living urban laboratories as a means of injecting new ideas and motivations with interactive methods that they implement with people. This approach modernizes and updates inherited methods of active learning and citizen participation. Cooperation is primarily formed in a living urban laboratory with co-creators with different expertise, tastes, culture, and social status. However, this diversity can be a barrier to “natural” cooperation between co-creators whose languages, goals, and values may differ greatly. It indicates the significance and role of living laboratories in the implementation and evaluation of this new form of cooperation. In other words, urban living laboratories worldwide are primarily implemented to create innovation based on the real-life problems and areas, and challenges of urban life. Thus, this study aims at clarifying the concept of the urban living laboratory by systematically reviewing the theoretical literature related to this concept.

Methods and Materials:

In the present study, data about the study subjects were collected using the documentary method. They are on the web platform and rely on written data (text) in electronic science databases. The type of data collected at this level is a function of the studied subjects (characteristics, antecedents, outcomes, and references of the urban living laboratory concept). The data collection system is based on a cyclical process performed in two stages: 1- data collection before the primary stage of concept analysis and 2- data collection simultaneously with the concept analysis. The identification, screening, and selection of eligible references based on the two criteria of communication and the most reference are the three primary activities in each stage. Accordingly, the initial search resulted in 103 references, which was reduced to 93 ones by complying with the inclusion criteria. Then, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed and 81 related references that had the study keywords were included in the study, and other articles were excluded. Forty articles remained after removing articles with duplicate content. Accordingly, 40 articles were carefully reviewed and evaluated. The data were collected and analyzed based on the Rogers method, and information related to antecedents, characteristics, outcomes, concept references, and related concepts were extracted, summarized, and coded.

The findings reveal that there are four antecedents: individual and social factors, managerial factors, economic factors, and technical and operational factors, which are the prerequisites for objectifying two functional (co-creation, open innovation) and structural (contextualization, planning, etc.) characteristics of the concept of the urban living lab. The findings disclose that regarding the objectification of these characteristics, as well as positive consequences such as the realization of the social structure of technology, technology commercialization, the transition towards the smartness of urban societies, etc.; there are likewise negative consequences with the possibility of inconsistencies and alterations in results. Similarly, the concept references help to clarify the characteristics of urban living labs and support the characteristics. Related concepts such as living lab and life lab have also helped to understand the similarities and differences, describe the concept, and explain the meanings.

The results of using Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis method brought about a more detailed definition and application of the concept of the urban living lab as an instrumental, continuous, and processing solution. The research results reveal that urban living labs can be used as a method, an environment, a system, or a governance approach in smart cities to deal with policy challenges in the social dimension of technology. Besides, urban living labs as a good example of the methodology based on co-creation can be used to test different solutions, implement effective solutions, and formulate appropriate policies for the promotion and development of urban services at all levels. In other words, a living urban laboratory has various stakeholders, ranging from municipalities to companies providing solutions and citizens, in which a dynamic and real environment, not an artificial one, can be created to simulate different models of urban management. In such an environment, mutual and multilateral solutions and the feedback of the stakeholders can be examined, evaluated, and analyzed. The contract and the data resulting from it can be expanded to increase the efficiency and productivity of various aspects of urban life in other cities. This issue makes human resources, as primary co-creators in these innovations, learn all aspects of interaction with an interactive product, including how they are understood, learned, and used. Additionally, user experience feedback can improve the creation of value in innovations. The probability of project failure is reduced due to the use of these pre-designed experiences and the interaction of the user and the environment. The transfer of knowledge among multiple stakeholders in this field is the condition for the success of a living urban laboratory. This issue is crucial since learning in one department and transferring data and results to other departments can provide an interactive space in which institutions can effectively exchange ideas with each other and create interdisciplinary synergies in this process. According to the results, the following definition can be presented for urban living laboratories: “Urban living laboratories as one of the new initiatives in smart cities and as a new form of relationship with people to solve the challenge related to the social dimension of technology (as the primary current problem in smart cities). It aims at creating deep and systematic participation of people with other public and private stakeholders focusing on dialogue and co-creation”.

Introduction :

Creative tourism is a relatively new research field that has focused most attention on creative tourism activities in big cities [5]. One of the earliest definitions of creative tourism, by Richards and Raymond (2000), defined it as tourism that offers visitors the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in the courses and learning experiences that characterize the vacation destination. [7,6]. Therefore, UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network has adopted this definition for creative tourism: “Creative tourism is a travel that is directed towards a committed and authentic experience, with participatory learning in the art, heritage, or particularity of a place, and that communicates with the people who inhabit it, in that place together with creating a living culture” [6]. Creative tourism focuses on image, identity, lifestyle, space, narratives, and media [8,9]. In the last two decades, creative tourism has evolved as a growing field involving a wide range of concepts and practices in different locations around the world. However, from the very beginning, creative tourism has sought to contribute to sustainable development and increase the well-being of society [6], since the transfer and development of knowledge and creative skills in the course of joint and co-creative activities, includes a more active role for both tourists and hosts. Creative tourists not only seek to expand their knowledge about the places they visit but also their creative skills [6]. By visiting different destinations, touristsrevive places, restore buildings, strengthen businesses, and develop different segments of the destination market [10]. Tourism development in the historical and old contexts of cities has been proposed as one of the urban development strategies [11]. The poles of development within the historical context as a tool to be present in the field of tourism industries that directly and indirectly affect the region and the field of competition and the possibility of presence at international levels with an emphasis on historical foundations and different strategies in line with the development of the system, provides integrated urban regeneration, acquires a new identity and improves the image of the city [11]. Tourism has always been portrayed as a sector that can create opportunities and economic benefits for indigenous people [12]. On the one hand, the rapid destruction of valuable tissues, the application of personal preferences in the process of regeneration, and the determination of speculative goals regarding the historical cores of cities the one hand, and the necessity of preserving and recreating historical and spatial layers on the other hand [11], the importance of developing new businesses In the tourism sector, it has been noticed more than before [14]. Since, start-up business investments face many challenges, ranging from the availability of cheaper and sufficient financial resources to successful competition with competitors, to grow and become profitable, startups must extensively seek strategies that create and maintain competitive advantage [15]. Therefore, creative tourism has emerged as an important place in tourism businesses in recent years, with an increasing number of destinations and internet platforms that offer creative experiences to visitors [13]. The relationship between tourism and creativity has always been encouraged in this industry by searching for alternative models of tourism development and creative economy development [16]. Adding creativity to tourism has become a common diversification strategy, especially in the field of cultural tourism [19]. However, there is growing criticism of predominantly top-down models of creative development, such as Richard Florida’s concept of the “creative class” [19,20]. Finally, some studies map the growth and development of creative tourism models, although their coverage is partial [5, 21]. Richards (2017) also identified several different models of creative tourism development around the world [22]. Duxbury, Carvalho, Vinager de Castro, Bacas, and Silva (2018) provided a useful overview of the different models of creative tourism emerging from the CREATOUR project in Portugal [23]. Besides, in internal research, we can refer to the conceptual model of creative tourism by Baghetnegar (2016), who presented only a conceptual model for this industry, regardless of its type and means. However, no model has been provided for the development of creative tourism in historical contexts, especially in start-up businesses. Thus, in this research, we have tried to pay special attention to the creative tourism industry so that a step can be taken in the direction of the development of this industry, especially in historical contexts that have great potential for creative development. Therefore, this research aims to present a model of creative tourism development in historical contexts with the approach of start-up businesses.

Methods and Materials:

The current research is a qualitative study. This research is also a practical development in terms of its goal. The strategy used in this research is the foundational data conceptualization theory. Using the method of Strauss and Corbin (1990), the design of a creative tourism development model in historical contexts with the approach of start-up businesses has been discussed. The statistical population includes experts in start-up companies located in science and technology parks who have experience in cultural tourism and historical contexts with creative ideas. Therefore, after interviewing 13 people, the theoretical saturation point was reached, but to strengthen the reliability of the research, the interview continued until the 15th person and then stopped. Therefore, 15 interviews were analyzed. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using Atlas T version 7 software. Coding in this section is done using the three-step coding method (open coding, axial coding, and selective coding). The validity of coding results was checked by reviewing the interview texts and two methods of qualitative research validation (including review by two coders and review of information from peers) provided by Creswell and Miller (2000). Thus, in the matching method by two coders, two selection interviews and the agreement between the two coders in the codings were checked, and the agreement between the two coders was equal to 83%. Considering that the reliability rate is higher than 60%, the reliability of coding is confirmed. In the second method, the results of the model and coding were reviewed and modified by two professors of the tourism industry as collaborators to ensure the accuracy of the indicators, and finally, the reliability score of the indicators was equal to 76%. According to Chin (1998), this value is very desirable.

The existence of start-up businesses in this century is a necessity for the survival of the national development of any society. The importance of these businesses can be said to be much more than the oil resources of a country. On the other hand, these businesses can have a special presence in the tourism sector, where tourism itself has become very important in development. Tourism, which today has a new section called creative tourism, can attract many tourists in historical contexts, especially with the historical record of our vast country, Iran. Therefore, in this research, the development model of creative tourism in historical contexts with the approach of new businesses has been presented. The results of the previous sections identified the different components of this model, which will be discussed and concluded in this section along with the

The model was obtained using the systematic Strauss and Corbin method in six sections, antecedents (creative tourism antecedents of historical monuments), the main category (tourism development in historical contexts), contextual factors (laws and regulations infrastructure, research and development, art and culture infrastructures, ICT infrastructures, knowledge infrastructures), intervening factors (pathogenic crises, political interventions, economic crises, political crises, climate change), strategies (propaganda and internal awareness, reform global view of the country, synergy in marketing, restoration of historical buildings, advertising and awareness of tourists), and consequences (social consequences, economic consequences, political consequences) were categorized. Antecedents are divided into two categories: creative tourism antecedents of historical monuments and new business antecedents. Some factors have shaped the thinking of creative tourism development in the historical context of these two categories. These factors are the strengths of the tourism sector, which provide the potential to participate in creative tourism in this field. For example, the economic benefit that creative tourism can bring is one of the strong motivations to move in that direction. On the other hand, the existence of a strong cultural heritage is another field that can create the best combination with the power of creative tourism. Moreover, the power of innovation that exists within any creative industry attracts people with different ideas. In the section on antecedents of new businesses, it is also possible to mention the competitive price advantage compared to abroad. Currency fluctuations in recent years have made domestic expenses more affordable for tourists than they thought. This has increased word-of-mouth marketing by foreign tourists. On the other hand, the repair of historical structures is less expensive than outside of Iran, which can be used to develop the tourism sector in historical structures by attracting foreign tourists. On the other hand, the existence of cultural contexts in historical contexts, lower costs for tourists and the presence of business motivation, and a low percentage of risk in this industry have brought a competitive advantage to the country.

In the discussion of background factors, infrastructure has always been and is discussed. Without infrastructure, the development of any industry will be difficult or impossible. In the discussion of tourism in the historical context, the existence of information and communication technology infrastructures, social infrastructures, laws, and regulations that are more difficult to help and bring restrictions for tourists, research, and development can be pointed out. In addition to all these factors, the presence of intervention factors and their effects are sometimes unpredictable and out of control. Among these factors, we can mention the recent crisis of Covid-19 or the crisis of economic sanctions and the crisis of inflationary stagnation, to which the climate change crisis has recently been added. Climate changes have caused unusual rainfalls in different parts and out of season, which have intensified the process of destruction of historical structures with different intensities. Finally, it can be said that for the growth and development of tourism in the historical context, strategies can be developed according to the mentioned factors. Among these strategies, we can mention synergy in re-evaluation, reforming the global view of the country, internal advertising, and awareness, reviving the historical contexts of advertising, and informing foreign tourists. In the end, it can be said that these strategies will have consequences that are categorized into three parts: social, economic, and political consequences. Social consequences can also occur following economic consequences. With the increase in the number of foreign tourists, the growth of businesses will continue in each region, and the education and improvement of the knowledge level of the people in the society will occur following the increase in the income level. Political consequences can also affect political decisions at the national level and international relations.

Introduction :

With the increase of urbanization, the decline of family income, and the weakening of the agricultural industry, there is a need for prosperous and alternative activities. According to the mentioned reasons, focusing on the issue of tourism in sustainable urban development with proper use of natural and human resources, in addition to economic growth, can promote agriculture and produce local handicrafts and be effective in improving environmental conditions [1]. In many cities that have an optimal agricultural industry and have suffered economic decline due to being named, paying attention to jobs that cause economic growth and development such as the tourism industry - as a complement to the agricultural industry - can be a guarantee in improving the living conditions of citizens [ 2]. The studies that have been done so far about the economic concepts of tourism have been unbalanced. The conducted research has described issues such as tourism demand, forecasting demand fluctuations, and the multiplying effects of tourism on other economic areas, and less attention has been paid to other economic aspects of tourism such as the supply side. However, the research that has been conducted on the structure of production and provision of tourism services has examined the supply of tourism products and services.Paying attention and focusing on the constructions in urban tourist areas, restoration of extensive traditional and historical works in the city, and taking care of entertainment centers will help the tourism economy. Increasing progress in the sustainable development of urban tourism in front of competitors, focusing on the demands of tourists, supporting private sectors and people to provide the demands of tourists, various development plans in the field of urban tourism should be considered important and implemented with careful management. Spreading the knowledge of urban tourism inside or outside the country, expanding cultural centers, promoting urban tourism, and teaching urban tourism in terms of economic growth and development can be effective in sustainable urban tourism [3]. The most important factors for the sustainable development of urban tourism in the country can be considered as changing the views of the people and the authorities in attracting urban tourists, the proper way of dealing with urban tourists, controlling their problems, and accuracy in the process of informing tourism economy[4]. Measuring trips and their economic consequences is meaningful [5]. Economics plays a role in many areas such as economic effects and control of tourism effects and market forces, tourists’ demand for supply, and tourism goods. An economist examines tourism from the point of view of the economic model, balance of accounts, foreign transactions, income generation, gross national product, and economic future studies. In the tourism industry of urban attractions, comfort services are offered to tourists instead of goods, and their visit to tourist areas and attractions is considered as a demand [6]. The study of the tourism economy consists of examining topics such as demand, companies and markets, their international relations and interactions, supply and market structures, pricing, and calculating the added value of tourism activities. It is the study of all dimensions, effects, results, and economic factors affecting the tourism industry.One of the ways to have tourism and sustainable economic development and areas to improve the income status of the residents of Bostanabad city in the field of tourism is to pay attention to infrastructures such as the construction of hotels, inns, and hotel apartments. It is not possible to develop tourism without sufficient attention to investment in different sectors of the tourism industry in the country. We can hope that with investment and planning in the tourism industry, Bostanabad city can become a major tourism hub in the region so that in the medium and long term, the foreign exchange earnings from it will be an effective factor in the improvement of the single-product economy [7]. Therefore, Bostanabad city was examined according to the economic approach and in terms of earning money through tourist attractions and sustainable development of the economy. Visitors to tourist attractions were selected as the statistical research population. Cochran’s formula was used to calculate statistical samples. The hierarchical model and Prolong method were used for data analysis. For this purpose, this question has been raised in this research: What are the effective factors in the tourism of Bostanabad city with the approach of earning money from tourist attractions and sustainable economic development of the city?

Methods and Materials:

According to the goals and components of the investigation, progressive research is of an applied type. The statistical population studied are tourists, and visitors to the city’s tourist attractions. The statistical sample was calculated based on Cochran’s formula for tourism of 354 people. Library (documents) and field methods were used to collect information. The tools for collecting information are books, scientific research articles, theses, research plans, and other documents, including questionnaires. To complete the data, the official statistics of the Organization of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, tourist service offices, tour guides, and brochures of organizations active in the field of tourism have been used. To determine the value of each of the tourist attractions in Bostanabad city, the Pralong method has been used to analyze the effectiveness of various economic indicators in the development of tourism in this city and the hierarchical analysis model.

The first step in the process of hierarchical analysis is to create a hierarchical structure of the subject under investigation. It shows the objectives, criteria, sub-criteria, options, and the relationship between them. Therefore, there is a four-level hierarchy consisting of objective, criteria, sub-criteria, and options. So, the four criteria of economic power, tourism capacities, tourism attractions, and the number of services are valued based on their relative importance. In such a way that the number 1 is considered for equal importance, the number 5 for strong importance, the number 7 for very strong importance, and the number 4 for intermediate values, and the above numbers and weights are applied to the columns of the inverse table. The normal matrix is obtained by dividing the sum of the columns of the even matrix by the numbers of the even matrix. To explain the importance coefficient (weight) of criteria and sub-criteria, they are compared one by one, based on which and according to the purpose of the review. Besides, the intensity of superiority of criterion I compared to criterion j is determined. All criteria are compared two by two. One of the advantages of the hierarchical analysis process is the possibility of checking consistency in the judgments made to determine the importance of criteria and sub-criteria. The mechanism that is used to check the inconsistency in judgments is to calculate a coefficient called the consistency coefficient, which is obtained by dividing the inconsistency index by the randomness index. If this coefficient is less than or equal to 0.1, the consistency in the judgments is accepted, otherwise, the judgments must be revised. In the Pralong method, the tourism value of Qorigol lagoon and Bostanabad mineral spa (the most visited tourism elements of the city) was obtained in the following way: the average of the indicators of tourism, architecture, physical beauty, cultural and historical, socio-economic and welfare facilities and services that are scored through the score 5 different levels are done, it was obtained. (Likert spectrum) Five-level Likert scale or spectrum includes five options for answers. A five-level Likert scale is commonly used to measure satisfaction. These scores are obtained based on the opinions and views of specialists and experts. In this method, the value of the current productivity of Qorigol lagoon and Bostanabad mineral spa has been evaluated. The quality of productivity evaluates the value of economic productivity to determine the potential and actual capability of these places. The results of the evaluation of the tourism value of Qorigol lagoon and Bostanabad mineral spa show that the beauty index is worth 0.75 and 0.875, the socio-economic criterion for Ghorigol wetland is worth 0.7 and tourism the standard worth 0.8125 For mineral spas, they have played the most important role in attracting tourists (Table No. 5). In general, from the point of view of tourists, the tourism value of these two works is very high and it requires investment in different parts of these two works, which should be considered by the institutions responsible for these works.

The results of the evaluation of the tourism value of some of the important tourist attractions of this city, such as the Ghori Gol lagoon and Bostanabad mineral spa, show that the beauty index is worth 0.75 and 0.875 Moreover, the socio-economic criterion for the valuable flower teapot wetland is 0.7 Also, the tourism standard is worth 0.8125 For the mineral spa, it has played the biggest role in attracting tourists, and based on the hierarchical analysis and its criteria, the compatibility index is 0.335, and its compatibility rate is 0.0373 and the indicators of the economic power of Bostanabad city include valuable potentials in the field of handicrafts (carpet), agricultural products (carrots and potatoes), souvenirs (Bostanabad unleavened bread), which are the source of the formation of commercial units and creating employment, with the value of 0.6033 They play the most important role in the development of tourism in this city.

Introduction :

Redevelopment of brownfields as one of the urban development and regeneration programs, often through a step-by-step process, tries to reintegrate empty, abandoned, or polluted lands that have been active before into the urban context. Since brownfield redevelopment is an important strategy for cities to achieve “sustainable development”, it is necessary to achieve environmental sustainability and pollution reduction, economic sustainability, and social sustainability. Redevelopment of brownfields is a complex process involving multiple stakeholders, which often creates various social problems resulting from conflicting interests among them. Accordingly, it is important to protect the right of each stakeholder to obtain sustainable and desirable results in the redevelopment process and set new rules of the game for them. In the redevelopment of brownfields in Poshte Garajha, the confrontation between different stakeholders due to their different expectations and interests has reduced social sustainability and the feasibility of the redevelopment project. This study has been compiled to analyze the conflicts in power and interest in the process of planning the redevelopment of brownfields in the Poshte Garajha neighborhood. 

This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The combination of two methods of stakeholder analysis (Stakeholder Analysis (SA)) and social network analysis (Social Network Analysis (SNA)) has been applied to data analysis. This study includes four main steps: (1) Drawing the structure of stakeholders and preparing a list of stakeholders based on literature review and interviews. (2) Analysis of stakeholders based on the power-interest matrix and analysis of the power structure and motivation structure of stakeholders based on the opinions of experts. At the end of this step, key stakeholders have been extracted. (3) social network analysis based on the focus group among experts and specialists and drawing the relationship between stakeholders in the Atlas software (4) Verification of relationships and causes of conflict in the power-interest structure of key stakeholders based on interviews and focus groups in Gephi software. In the end, the results have been corrected and finalized with the views and opinions of the urban management (municipality) and big garage owners and workers in the area through six open interviews.

The final list of stakeholders of the redevelopment of Poshte Garajha’s brownfields shows that about 26% of the stakeholders are urban decision-makers and 26% are the users. The market, guilds, and local institutions each account for 20% of the stakeholders, and the remaining 8% are the army organizations. This frequency shows the main factors of the plan, namely people and urban management institutions, and related organizations. The output of the power-interest matrix of these stakeholders identifies six stakeholders including garage owners, imams of Sunni mosques, Poshte Garajha’s neighborhood facilitation office, central and region 3 Zahedan Municipality, and the Consulting Engineers as key stakeholders. The analysis of the power-interest structure of these key stakeholders shows that political power and then legal and social power are seen in the power structure, especially in decision-making and governing organizations. The analysis of the conflicts between the power structure in the Poshte Garajha’s redevelopment project in Zahedan indicates that the conflicts in this project are most valued, and then the economic and procedural conflicts are in the next ranks. Based on the analysis of the network of stakeholders of this project, garage owners, Sunni religious elders, and Zahedan municipality are the key and central stakeholders in the planning.

 All stakeholders hope to increase their participation in the redevelopment of the brownfield, but the existence of conflicts has made it difficult to achieve social sustainability and the goals of the redevelopment of brownfields. What is obvious is that there are conflicts between the interests of repairmen, wholesalers, residents, garage owners, and the municipality. However, what has been analyzed in the hidden layer of the power-interest structure states that the main elements of the power-interest structure of the stakeholders of the redevelopment of brownfields in Zahedan city can be garage owners, municipalities, and religious Sunnis elders because these stakeholders play a key role in resource appropriation, power exercise, and maximum exploitation. In the project of redevelopment of Poshte Garajha’s brownfields, social institutions influenced by ideology, along with owners and management institutions, guide the main pillars of the redevelopment of brownfields. These stakeholders should be invited to negotiate for the progress of the project and to achieve social sustainability and increase participation to realize the redevelopment of brownfields as the latent potential of the city. The use of “interest-based and power-based approaches” in the structures of “transactive planning” and “presenting an efficient model as a means for stakeholder conflict management in brownfields planning system” can be an effective step in the social sustainability of the sustainable development of brownfields.

Introduction :

Hasty management decisions, non-specialist urban management, and the lack of detailed studies in development plans in cities and especially metropolises have led to the creation of neighborhoods with inefficient textures. One of the consequences of these decisions is the creation of a problem called segregation in urban neighborhoods, which has resulted in the separation of different population groups, which can reduce the socio-economic interactions of the residents of the neighborhoods. Around it, there is a decrease in the entry of the investment sector for the development of these contexts, a change in the attitude of most citizens towards choosing their residential space, the migration of the main residents, and the entry of non-native population into the context and creating many problems for the residents of the said context. As a result of this separation, the contacts between the members of this poor class are high and inter-class communication decreases, and with the decrease of the middle class living in the inefficient context, the social anomalies in the neighborhoods become severe. The dilapidated fabric located in Qaitarieh neighborhood with a population of more than 3 thousand people is located in the old fabric of this neighborhood. The reason for choosing Qaytarieh neighborhood is the existence of fabric deterioration in a part of the neighborhood and its central core and the existence of the same socio-economic characteristics in two parts of the neighborhood (inefficient fabric area and the rest of the neighborhood). Of course, paying attention to the importance of the neighborhood as the basic element of the urban planning system in the basics and issues of urban planning and the level of satisfaction of citizens with their residence and their participation in the improvement process of neighborhoods and the lack of sufficient attention in this field, multiplies the importance and necessity of doing this research. In this regard, despite the existence of many problems in these contexts, investigating the relationship between these types of contexts and the issue of social-spatial segregation can be considered one of the most important issues of urban neighborhoods. Therefore, in this research, physical and social separation is investigated in the worn-out and inefficient context of Qaitarieh neighborhood of Tehran.

Materials and Methods :

The research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The information available in the statistical blocks of Tehran city in 2015, detailed plan data, and the questionnaire were used to collect the research data. Different models have been defined to investigate the distribution of social and physical-spatial phenomena in the geographic information system environment. The nearest neighborhood average model, Moran’s local spatial autocorrelation model, and hot and cold spot analysis model are the models that are used in this research. The spatial autocorrelation analysis tool of Moran’s statistic also evaluates the spatial distribution pattern of complications and phenomena by simultaneously considering the spatial location and internal characteristics of these complications. The nearest neighborhood average model is one of the clustering tests used to determine phenomena’ distribution patterns. Based on this method, an index called Rn (proximity rate) is obtained, the range of which varies between zero and 2.15. This index of dispersion expresses the manner and pattern of the spatial distribution of phenomena and elements in the study area.

In this part of the research, 30 indicators have been used in three economic dimensions with six indicators, a social-demographic dimension with 15 indicators, and a physical dimension with nine indicators. The indicators used to measure the separation of the economic dimension from the statistical blocks of the population and housing census of 2015 are employment rate, sponsorship burden, activity rate, rental rate, ownership rate, and employment sex ratio. In order to measure the classes of the economic dimension, the TOPSIS model has been used, the output of the model was added to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and by using the quantitative classification method, the classification of the population groups was done, which included 34.6 blocks in the lower class, 32.7% in the middle class, and 32.7% in the upper class. According to Moran’s model, in general, the distribution pattern of the economic dimension is clustered, and the index value is equal to 0.142. 15 indicators have been used to separate the social dimension, of which four indicators of the sense of belonging, peace, and tranquility, social relations, and trust were calculated through a questionnaire and 11 other indicators (literacy rate, household dimension, sex ratio, population density, immigrant ratio, Divorce ratio, sex ratio of literacy, sex ratio of the student population, percentage of the elderly, sex ratio of the elderly, the proportion of female heads of households) were calculated by calculating the indicators on the statistical blocks of the population and housing census. In order to measure the socio-demographic classes, the TOPSIS model has been used, and the output of the TOPSIS model is connected to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and by using the quantitative classification method, the demographic groups have been classified, which is 34.6 blocks per class. Below, 32.7% are in the middle class and 32.7% are in the upper class. The global Moran index is equal to 0.007 and the distribution pattern is also random. In order to measure physical-spatial dimension classes, the TOPSIS model has been used, and the output of the TOPSIS model is linked to the statistical blocks in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, and population groups have been classified using the quantitative classification method; 34.6 blocks are located in the lower floor, 32.7% in the middle floor and 32.7% in the upper floor. According to the global Moran’s model, the distribution pattern of the physical-spatial dimension is clustered and the Moran’s index is 0.008. 

In the economic aspect, among the six indicators studied, the weight of the rental rate equal to 0.354 has the highest weight and the activity rate with the weight of 0.052 has the lowest weight. According to the economic indicators, 34.6 blocks are in the lower class, 32.7% are in the middle class, and 32.7% are in the upper class. Also, according to Moran’s model, the distribution pattern of the economic dimension is generally clustered and the amount of the index is also equal to 0.142. Based on the weighting output of the AHP model, among the investigated indicators in the socio-demographic dimension, the proportion of immigrants with a weight of 0.171 has the highest weight and the index of the household dimension with a weight of 0.019 has the lowest score. In the physical dimension, 11 indicators were investigated, the wear index of the parts has the highest score and its effect is equal to 0.224, and the household in the residential unit with a value of 0.028 has the lowest value in selection. From the total blocks of the neighborhood, 34.6 blocks are located on the lower floor, 32.7% on the middle floor, and 32.7% on the upper floor, and according to the global Moran model, the physical-spatial dimension distribution pattern is a cluster, and the Moran index is equal to 0.008. The selective segregation of the socio-demographic dimension of single-group indicators in the uniformity dimension is equal to its average at the neighborhood level of 0.6, in fact, it is located on the border of high segregation. In terms of the level of separation, the middle class is in first place with a score of 0.6964, the upper class is in second place with a score of 0.6776, and the lower class is in third place with a score of 0.658. In general, the average of this index for all three classes is equal to 0.67. According to Iceland et al.’s classification, it is located on the upper floor. However, since it is slightly away from 0.6, it is slightly beyond the threshold. Also, according to the entropy index, whose average is equal to 0.18 and because it is less than 0.3, separation has occurred at a low level. The Gini index is also equal to 0.683 and because it is higher than 0.6, separation has occurred at a high level. The highest level of separation is in the middle class with a score of 0.697, in the second place in the upper class with a score of 0.68, and in the lower class with a lower degree of separation its value is equal to 0.66 and in all levels of the Atkinson index, high-level separation has occurred and the average index is equal to It is 0.678.

Introduction :

Almost all the countries of the world are experiencing the phenomenon of “urbanization”. The development of urbanization and the emergence of metropolitan areas in third-world countries is very different from the development of urbanization in the West, which began after the industrial revolution. One of the most important differences in the disorderly and disorganized growth and the spread of an unbalanced and harmful phenomenon called marginalization has been on a large scale in third-world cities. In these countries, immigrants flock to immigrant neighborhoods that grow like mushrooms on the outskirts of cities and settle in what is called the “‏margin” or the “appendix of urban areas” [1]. In today’s industrial world, the phenomenon of marginalization and informal settlement around big cities in deprived urban areas is inevitable, and simultaneously with the expansion of this phenomenon, the issue of housing is always raised as a basic human need. This need has played an important role in the living conditions of humans since the beginning of human settlement until now. However, the rapid and increasing growth of urbanization after the Second World War in most countries of the world has led to numerous problems such as traffic, pollution, inadequate access to urban services and facilities, homelessness, and poor housing, the most important of which is the issue of housing. Having suitable, and dignified housing, brings comfort and leisure, and a sense of security to families [2]. Today, suitable housing and its related issues have been raised as a global issue and have become one of the acute issues of developing countries [3]. For this reason, the existence of low-income groups and their need for housing in many cities of third-world has caused the formation of settlements on the outskirts of cities that have the lowest level of quality, and this has made the issue of suitable housing visible, and attracted more attention. [4]. Nowadays, foresight plays a significant role in designing, and strategic policies at all levels, including urban policy-making. The importance of a forward-looking attitude is that it is possible to prevent the basic crises and super-challenges of a society by knowing the upcoming trends that are highly certain and getting prepared to face extensive changes with systematic planning [5].

Considering the investigated components and the practical nature of this research, the method of this research is exploratory. After studying the theoretical foundations and practical examples, the key indicators of the suitable housing model have been extracted. In the field studies and surveys section, 30 urban experts were identified and analyzed with tools such as interviews and questionnaires. MAXQDA software was used for qualitative data analysis. In this way, first, the results of document studies and then the results of the analysis of the interviews conducted by this software (MaxQuda) will be presented. According to documentary and library studies, the field studies and interviews conducted in this field were extracted using 4-dimensional and 34-category MaxQdia software for the future planning of suitable housing for vulnerable urban strata in the separated urban area of Nayser, Sanandaj. In this research, the qualitative method of library-documentary studies was used to identify and extract the main components of suitable housing, and its purpose is to categorize the components and factors of suitable housing and its effects on urban dwellers. In this research, meta-composite method has been used to systematically review previous researches and projects in the field of housing. For this purpose, these factors have been identified using meta-combination method and then classified through descriptive analysis and pattern analysis by MAXQDA software. The statistical population in this research consists of scientific-research articles in reliable databases such as Google Researcher, using available online databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Springer) in the field of housing.

Among the 34 variables considered and applied in the future research software, it can be seen that the factors of suitable collective spaces, beautiful views, suitable spaces for reception, well-decorated facade and good appearance, communication with neighbors, as influential variables; factors of suitability of the property, appropriate segregation, design appropriate to the space, availability of health facilities, existence of intermediate areas, compliance with the scope of the plan, suitability of the property, suitability of the architectural plan and interior spaces, availability of the map, privacy protection, participation in the design, the type of housing ownership, being overlooking, containing cultural symbols and signs, feeling of familiarity and association, creating a sense of residence as independent variables; factors of creating a sense of identity, a sense of belonging as a target variable; the factors of maintaining social dignity, lack of visibility, changeability, compliance with the widening of roads as influential variables, and the factors of proper layout of space, type of structure and materials, sense of security and building insurance were recognized as regulatory variables.

The results of the research showed that different factors can play a role in identifying suitable and desirable housing; for example, through the MICMAC software, the factors of suitable collective spaces, beautiful views, suitable reception spaces, well-decorated facade and good appearance, communication with neighbors, as influential variables; the factors of suitability of the property, suitable separation, design according to the desire, having health facilities, existence of intermediate areas, compliance with the scope of the plan, suitability of the property, suitability of the architectural plan and interior spaces, availability of the map, privacy protection, participation in the design , the type of housing ownership, being overlooking, containing cultural symbols and signs, feeling of familiarity and association, creating a sense of residence as independent variables; the factors of creating a sense of identity, a sense of belonging as a target variable; and the factors of maintaining social dignity, lack of visibility, changeability, compliance with road widening were recognized as influential variables. Moreover, among the available variables, the highest final score with direct impact, in the order of rank 1-9, is given to the variables of sense of belonging, creating a sense of identity, maintaining social dignity, lack of privacy, adaptability, compliance with the scope of the plan, sense of security, appropriate arrangement of space, and complying with the widening of the passages, respectively with the number 56, 55, 53, 53, 52, 50, 49, 48, 47; also, indirect variables of creating a sense of identity, not being overlooked, maintaining social dignity, changeability, compliance with the scope of the plan, sense of security, appropriate layout of the space, compliance with the utility of the property, and compliance with the widening of the roads, respectively, were awarded the number 116986, 112277, 111162, 110150, 102110, 100618, 99189, 98563.

Introduction :

The expansion of urban space around the world has become a challenging issue in recent decades. To develop effective strategies to curb urban growth, understanding the forces and driving mechanisms of urban sprawl has particular importance. The phenomenon of urban-regional sprawl as one of the spatial changes is related to the pattern of sprawl of cities in metropolitan areas. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of urban-regional sprawl is vital, since, the spatial growth and expansion of cities and metropolitan areas have not only caused the increasing transformation of agricultural land into cities but also increased the demand for new natural resources that are very vital for the global environment. According to the studies conducted regarding the spatial growth of the metropolitan area, we are witnessing unusual growth of the metropolitan area and its discrete spatial development. The growth that has gone through various stages in the last 50 years and its consequences have been spatially manifested in the form of the formation of the urban area, the fragmentation of the suburbs, and the decline of the main metropolitan. Based on this, in this research, the organizational-institutional structures and mechanisms driving growth and spatial expansion of the Tehran metropolitan region have been measured and evaluated.

Methods and Materials:

Based on the background study as well as the nature of the subject, an attempt was made to use mixed methods (a combination of quantitative and qualitative data) to understand the effectiveness of the mechanisms and to understand the causes of the formation of the spatial structures of the region’s development. Qualitative coding of the data obtained from the interview with 18 university professors, city managers, and experts of related organizations and institutions made it possible to identify the main key categories and the components that form the organizational-institutional core categories that affect the growth of the metropolitan area of Tehran. Then, based on the results of these codings, a questionnaire consisting of 52 key questions was prepared with measuring the effectiveness of the mechanism of organizational-institutional structures (separated by 3 departments of government and official organizations and institutions, local institutions, and administrations and semi-official institutions) with calculating the weighted average of the core categories and components that form the mechanisms and ranking these categories and components. Measuring the influence of each of these factors was done in the form of a Likert scale. By examining the results of the questionnaires and calculating the weighted average value, the impact mechanism of each of the central categories and their forming concepts was determined, and in total, the weighted average rating of the assigned points determined which central categories and their forming components won the most privilege and the highest share in the increasing external growth of the metropolitan area of Tehran.

Local institutions and administrations with an average score of 4.25 among organizational-institutional structures have the greatest impact on the exponential external growth and expansion of the region, and quasi-governmental and semi-official organizations and institutions and governmental and official ones are ranked second and third with an average score of 4.17 and 3.96 respectively. Among the effective mechanisms, the monitoring gap mechanism of local institutions and administrations has the largest effect with a weighted mean of 4.46. and the components of the monitoring gap resulting from the weakness of political divisions among the mechanisms of local institutions and administrations and the lack of effective monitoring tools and the absence of a single supervisory authority in dealing with informal processes among the mechanisms of government and official organizations and institutions have the greatest impact on land acquisition in the region with a weighted mean of 4.50 and 4.42 respectively. 

According to the obtained results, local institutions and administrations as a whole have the greatest influence on land acquisition in the region through the mechanisms of weak management performance, monitoring gaps, and informal processes. While quasi-governmental and semi-official organizations and institutions and governmental and official organizations and institutions of the region are in the second and third ranks with an average score of 4.17 and 3.96, respectively. In fact, by moving towards the periphery and around the metropolis of Tehran and other cities and villages of the province due to fundamental structures and reasons such as the lack of a regionalism approach in structures that lack comprehensiveness and the dominant nature of metropolitan policymaking area and legal structures such as insufficient laws in the sanctuary and outside from privacy, the interactions in these areas are not taken into consideration as they should be. Therefore, the monitoring gap formed due to the power holes in these areas has provided a suitable platform for infiltrating and intensifying the common administrative corruption among some employees and officials of local institutions and offices in these areas. Obviously, this monitoring gap will increase by moving away from the central areas and moving towards the smaller levels of political divisions in the region.

Introduction :

Lack of integration in the urban management system, dilapidated and inefficient urban fabric, expansion of marginalization and bad housing, unsafe buildings, expansion of construction violations and inefficiency and lack of deterrence of crimes, lack of urban services and infrastructure in the peri-urban space and similar cases are among challenges and issues of urban planning and architecture of the country’s metropolises. The Consultative Assembly of the Heads of Urban Planning and Architecture Commissions of Metropolitan Cities and Provincial Centers is a non-governmental and independent institution that aims to create a cooperation network and platform for exchanging experiences and making joint decisions to better fulfill the provisions of the Law on Councils and the missions of urban planning and architecture approved in the documents and to fulfill effective participation in policies, planning, and preparation of urban plans. The present research is based on the analysis of the network of issues raised in the two meetings of the consultative assembly of the heads of the urban planning and architecture commissions of the metropolises and the centers of the provinces of the country and recording the experiences of the heads of the meeting, based on the design of a learning process in practice to identify the strategic presuppositions of the priority issues.

For this purpose, the themes raised in the two meetings of the heads of the urban planning and architecture commissions were examined. Subjects raised in two meetings: jump in housing production; urban regeneration (renovation and revival of worn out and inefficient urban fabric); urban regeneration (renovation and revival of historical and cultural context); the privacy of cities; construction violations; real estates with a  promissory note and no official document; issues of new cities; urban smartening; unsafe buildings; urban resilience and urban crisis management; architecture and urban planning patterns; governance and integrated urban management; city economy and sustainable city income sources; sustainable urban development plans; public and private rights in urban development; urban vitality; real estate and land use; vulnerable groups; issuance of permits and building permits; specialized knowledge of architecture and urban planning were identified. After extracting the thematic axes and issues, according to the intertwining of the issues, the network of issues to find key issues using the Social Network Analysis (SNA) approach based on the input and output degree centrality indicators using the software Ucinet and Net Draw were analyzed. According to the results of the analysis of the problem network, the problems with the highest output degree centrality in the problem network were considered key problems.

By the findings of the analysis of the network, seven key issues include: not using the legal capacities to renew the worn-out and inefficient urban fabric; the spread of construction violations and the inefficiency and lack of deterrence of crimes; lack of integration in the urban management system; violation of urban planning rules and regulations of urban development plans and large-scale change of use; lack of urban services and infrastructure in the peri-urban area; the aggravation of urban crises (water crisis, environmental crises, earthquake, and subsidence) and lack of attention to the capacities within the urban context were identified in the housing production jump plan. In the following, the strategic assumptions of each of the problems according to the background investigation as well as the strategic themes of the statistics and the design of the questionnaire using the methodology of phenomenology and testing of strategic assumptions (SAST), Strategic issues of key issues based on the level of importance and the level of certainty of the correctness of the default were identified with the participation of rating experts and the certain planning region. As an example of the strategic presuppositions of the problem of not using the legal capacities to renew the worn and inefficient urban fabric in the secure planning area, including incentive policies for empowering and improving, and renovating the worn and inefficient urban fabrics, the requirement of municipalities to enter to the category of urban regeneration and fulfilling the legal duties listed in clauses 14 and 21 of municipalities and activating urban regeneration working groups; providing incentives and facilities for residential uses and commercial buildings for administrative, medical and public services located in worn-out urban contexts and examining the experiences of developing countries in facing worn-out and inefficient urban contexts as agreed upon by the heads of urban planning and architecture commissions. Regarding other critical issues, the partially agreed solution of the heads of urban planning and architecture commissions was presented.

The proposed hybrid approach is an application of complexity management in analyzing the network of problems and revealing the strategies agreed upon by the stakeholders involved, and its efficiency has been presented in the issues raised by the consultative assembly of the heads of the commission for urban planning and architecture of metropolitan cities. In future research, it is suggested that the researchers should form an intervention in the action process during the meeting of the heads of the urban planning and architecture commissions. Discussions should take place in a structured way among the members of the assembly and finally, the summary of the meeting should be presented with attention to problem-oriented learning in practice. In addition, by focusing on the critical issues and strategic assumptions in future research, it is suggested to analyze the stakeholders of the problem and strategies and the strategy implementation mechanism by referring to the stakeholders and determining the roles and limits of duties and responsibilities. Each of the key stakeholders should be provided with a basis for planning to solve the problems and respond to the stakeholders.

Introduction :

The increase in population in urban centers requires the provision of sufficient services and infrastructure to meet the needs of city residents. Furthermore, this population density in highly populated cities poses challenges in terms of governance, economic growth, environmental sustainability, quality of life, transportation, electricity, water consumption, and other issues. Smart cities are typically created with advanced infrastructure and modern information and communication technologies, and the Internet of Things (IoT) provides intelligent solutions for future cities by connecting smart devices and utilizing big data analytics. This allows city management and residents to access a wealth of real-time information about the urban environment and make decisions, take actions, and plan for the future based on that information. Given its current and future population attraction and potential, the city of Mashhad requires synchronization with modern developments to optimize the use of resources and facilities and create the necessary foundations to meet future needs. Therefore, this research aims to identify the key factors and drivers for Mashhad City to achieve a smart city model based on the Internet of Things in the future. Accordingly, the research question of this study is: What are the key drivers influencing the formation of an IoT-based smart city in the city of Mashhad in the future (by 2033)?

In the present study, the research method was a mixed approach in terms of objective and application and a combination of descriptive-analytical and future-oriented approaches in explaining the structure. Accordingly, the most influential factors in the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad were examined. Data collection was carried out through documentary methods (library sources and scientific journals) and field methods (using a questionnaire tool). In this research, the statistical population consisted of 25 experts, professionals, and urban stakeholders available, including city managers (mayors of districts, deputies, heads of organizations, and managers of urban areas, especially the Municipality of Mashhad), members of the Islamic City Council (especially the Research Center of the Islamic City Council of Mashhad), urban experts in the Mashhad County Governorate and the Office of Urban Affairs and Provincial Councils of Khorasan Razavi, the General Directorate of Roads and Urban Development of Khorasan Razavi, professors at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Azad University (Mashhad Branch), Payame Noor University, and non-profit higher education institutions located in Mashhad, as well as specialists in the urban field. In this study, structured interviews were conducted with several stakeholders in urban planning and information technology using the Delphi method to identify key factors. Then, by synthesizing the factors obtained from the interviews and studying the documents in the research background, the validity and reliability of the variables were confirmed by experts. Ultimately, the factors were evaluated in the form of a future-oriented questionnaire.

Using field studies and library research, the most influential factors in the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad were identified. Then, using the quantitative method of future-oriented analysis and the Micmac software, the level of influence or susceptibility of the identified factors was determined. Therefore, the research findings indicate that among the 26 key factors influencing the formation of an IoT-based smart city, after examining the indicators and extracting the influential key factors (direct and indirect), 7 key drivers have had the greatest impact on the formation of an IoT-based smart city in Mashhad. These drivers include government policies in the field of information technology, improving the level of information literacy and scientific capabilities of citizens, investing in the development of communication and information technology infrastructure, creating a platform for citizen participation in urban development, raising awareness of the benefits and advantages of smart facilities through collective knowledge and culture-building, establishing and strengthening advanced infrastructure based on a smart city, and extensive use of information and communication technology (ICT).

In a summary of the research results, it can be mentioned that government policies in the field of information technology can have significant effects on the deployment of IoT-based smart cities in the short-term ten-year planning horizon. Furthermore, improving the level of information literacy and scientific capabilities of citizens can provide a suitable platform for this in Mashhad, as harnessing relevant knowledge and information is essential for the application of science and new trends in society. Additionally, investment in the development of communication and information technology infrastructure holds special importance. By allocating more capital to this area, the foundation for the formation of a more advanced and better smart city, considering IoT technology, will be established. It should be noted that the use of a new phenomenon requires awareness. Therefore, raising awareness among citizens and officials about the benefits and advantages of replacing conventional facilities with the utilization of collective knowledge and culture-building is crucial. Moreover, by creating and strengthening advanced infrastructure based on a smart city, progress can be made towards achieving the ultimate goals, ultimately leading to the realization of those goals through extensive use of information and communication technology.