نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 128، فروردین 1402)

Improving the production system in the agricultural sector requires defining and implementing a model for crop cultivation, based on the country's macro policies, market structure, farmers' knowledge and regional and climatic potentials to protect the environment, reduce water consumption and achieve The economic benefits are sustainable. The purpose of this study is to apply the gray fuzzy planning model with an environmental approach and reduce water consumption in determining the optimal cultivation pattern in Jiroft.

The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, causal in terms of study method, and in terms of research method and nature and method of approach to inference. Gray planning is one of the methods of analyzing gray systems for decision making under uncertainty.

The results showed that the area under potato cultivation between 5292 and 5328.7 hectares in the region can change. The area under onion cultivation can be changed between 1547 and 2349.9. The area under tomato cultivation between 530.6 and 985.4 hectares in the region can change. The area under watermelon cultivation can be changed between 129.5 and 240.5. The area under corn cultivation between 840 and 1560 hectares in the region can change. The area under alfalfa cultivation can be changed between 1204.7 and 22237.3. According to the mentioned restrictions and with the aim of maximum profit, the farmers of the region can cultivate 4910.1 hectares of wheat, 1644.5 hectares of barley and 2063.6 hectares of cucumbers.

Since the development of infrastructure services has a great impact on reducing resource constraints, paying attention to this issue regarding the optimal use of resources to increase the profitability of regional activities can be effective.

The need for suitable housing is an issue not just for individuals but also for governments. If efficient design is not adopted in the face of climate change, serious consequences will follow, including an increase in environmental issues and, as a result, a deterioration in the quality of human life in various societies. In this regard, it is necessary to identify the existing situation and evaluate the climatic principles employed in the design of contemporary housing, as well as measure living conditions, occupants' comfort, and quality of life in apartments.

This study's methodology is quantitative, and its strategy is case study, field research, and simulation using Design Builder and Climate Studio software. In addition, the descriptive survey method and statistical analysis with SPSS software using a questionnaire were employed to evaluate residential satisfaction. Therefore, Zaitoun Residential Complex in Isfahan was selected as a case study for post-occupancy evaluation.

According to the questionnaire results, the complex's response to the climate was not very desirable due to disregard for the detailed design of dwelling apartments in the existing situation. The simulation results also revealed that the macro-scale climatic strategies used to optimize energy consumption and the thermal and visual comfort of interior spaces were inadequate. As a result, the energy label for this complex was given an F.

In terms of residential satisfaction, differences in the design quality of each individual apartment and inaccuracy in designing the details can be problematic, so all climatic principles of microscale design must be considered, as well as the equitable distribution of natural energy sources among each flat. Evaluation of built housing projects not only helps us to understand the performance of present buildings but also creates a knowledge base for the design of future buildings.

Bitumen is one of the most widely used materials in industries, especially the road and construction industry. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate and compared the effects of changes in the physical properties of bitumen composites containing recycled materials such as Hair, Fleece, Glass powder, stuffed chicken and Sawdust with pure bitumen to improve pure bitumen features. Using recycled materials either to save the environment as well as reduce the cost of final material.

This experimental research is used standard and validated methods to investigate thermal conductivity, sound transmission, viscosity, angularity, permeability, and compressive strength.

 Results has shown that the use of sawdust enhances thermal and strength resistance and also use of human hair enhances sound resistance of this pure material. In general, these additives had an adverse effect on viscosity of the raw material. But no significant effect was observed in the compressive strength of the raw material.

 according to this investigation, adding recycled materials can improved some of properties of pure bitumen and as for type of bitumen usage in special industry, it can applied amplifier recycled additive in bitumen.

The Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) is one of the most abundant and widely distributed species in the world, among ducks. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and genetic diversity of Aythya ferina in Iran using cytochrome b gene.

For this study, samples were taken from 10 pieces of Aythya ferina that were taken from the north and south of the country. Haplotypic and nucleotide analyzes were performed using MEGA, Papart, DNAsp and Network software.

In general, 7 different haplotypes were identified by examining 8 fragments of 929 pairs of cytochrome b gene of Aythya ferina. Haplotype diversity was calculated 0.818, nucleotide diversity was calculated 0.00149. The value of Nm or the amount of gene flow between the sampling logic was 1.383, which indicates a high gene flow and in other words, a very small gene distance between the populations of this species and its European and Asian populations. Rogers-Harping index, Tajima index and Fu Fs were calculated 0.112, -0.028 and -1.288, respectively. The mismatch distribution diagram is also plotted as a single view, all of which show an indeterminate population history similar to the model of sudden expansion.

According to the results obtained from the haplotype network and the cognitive tree, as well as a slight genetic difference between the studied populations, there is a possibility of migration of this bird from both Europe and East Asia to Iran. Considering the results of the present study, Iranian wetlands should be recognized as important and key areas and the necessary management and protection measures should be taken in these areas.

With drastic changes in the external environment, many organizations today cannot continue their activities and create stability in achieving long-term goals without having carefully designed and coordinated systems. The human resource performance management system is considered as one of the most important process pillars of any organization that faces a variety of challenges and harmful conflicts without having a clear strategic mechanism such as inclusive learning. The Purpose of this research is Human resource performance management pathology based on the lack of Green Ambidextrous Learning.

 In this study, theoretical screening based on similar research was used to identify the components (pathology of human resource performance management) and research propositions (Ambidextrous Learning themes). Then, Delphi analysis was used to determine the reliability of research components and propositions through the participation of 13 management specialists and experts. In the quantitative part, the components and propositions identified in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by interpretive analysis by 18 human resource managers, officials and experts at the banking level.

The results showed that the proposition of lack of strategic tendencies in learning is considered as the most effective theme of mutual learning in reinforcing the damage of strategic incompatibility in the performance functions of human resource management.

This result shows that the lack of strategic tendencies due to the ineffectiveness in identifying environmental capacities, poses a new challenge to the bank in the field of human resource performance management harms.

The importance and necessity of discovering renewable energy sources and investing in electrical energy extraction methods is one of the biggest goals of developed and developing countries. Salinity gradient power is the use of the potential in the concentration difference between two solutions, such as sea salt water and fresh river water, is one of the ways to obtain electrical energy. The electrical energy obtained from the process of salinity gradient power can be a good alternative to produce electrical energy, which is The objectives of this research are the effect of nanostructured membranes on the performance of physical models of energy extraction from the salinity gradient in Arvand River.

 First, by examining the study area, Gibbs energy was calculated and its value was found to be negative. Therefore, the process of extracting energy from the salinity gradient is spontaneous. A physical model based on delayed osmosis pressure (PRO) method was designed and evaluated. The physical model designed with the TFC membrane is a nanostructure in which a difference in height was created by using river water and sea water in laboratory conditions with different concentrations. After designing the PRO and receiving the output from the physical model, the results with the pressure process model Reverse osmosis (RED) was compared. This research was conducted in 2020 using the required data from 2010 to 2018.

By calculating the Gibbs energy in both reverse osmosis (RED) and delayed osmosis (PRO) processes, its value was negative. The designed physical model based on the PRO method was designed with a nanostructured TFC membrane, in which using water 10 ppm river and 50 ppm sea water created the highest amount of flow in laboratory conditions. The amount of potential difference created between the two ends of each cell in the reverse electrodialysis system was calculated according to the concentration ratio of sea water to river water for each hydrometric station and the highest The value for Khorramshahr station is 80 mV. This amount was obtained by using nano technique on the membrane used in this system and the proper design of the cell, which increased the efficiency of the device by 11 percent compared to non-nano membranes.

By examining and comparing these two methods, we come to the conclusion that by obtaining the Gibbs energy in both processes, it is done spontaneously. Both methods of Khorramshahr station have the best efficiency. The advantage of RED compared to PRO is that the electrical energy produced occurs in a lower salinity gradient, while a higher salinity gradient difference is required in the PRO process. By calculating the energy production potential, Khorramshahr station has the highest efficiency. The use of nano-structured membrane has also had a direct effect on the performance of the device in both methods.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important components of soil physical and chemical properties that prevented soil decay and destruction. The objective of the present study is the evaluation of SOC changes using the remote sensing technique compared with field methods at central Zagros forests in Khoozestan province in Iran over the past 2 decades.

 The soil samples were collected randomly from the soil surface (0-10 cm depth) to estimate the SOC concentrations in the laboratory. Analysis of digital data by using Operational Land Imager (OLI) of satellite Landsat 8 and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor of satellite Landsat 7 images in 2016 (the sampling year) was done to estimate surface organic carbon levels of soil. The main objective was to establish soil organic carbon relation with landsat different bands ratios and also herbal and moisture indexes such as NDVI, SAVI, BSCI, NDMI and NSMI corresponding to the SOC values obtained from soil samples of the forest areas in the central Zagros mountain, and for that purpose these data were evaluated using different linear regression methods.

The best fit model of stepwise regression method showed R2 value of 0.435 for landsat 8 and R2 value of 0.501 for landsat 7 and finally based on these results, evaluation of SOC changes occurred in previous years.

Results show the significant relationship between soil organic carbon and the reflectance in the Visible, Near-Infrared and Short-wave Infrared part of the spectrum.

Environmental terrorism is a violent behavior that with the intention of depriving the peace, order and security of human societies, by targeting the environment, endangers human life and health and environmental security and whenever at the same time with Conflicts Armed and on the part of one of the parties to the conflict, it causes extensive and irreparable damage and not only endangers the health and life of the contemporary generation, but also endangers the health of future generations and deprives the healthy of environment. Therefore, reviewing strategies to deal with such events is the main purpose of current research.
The present research has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and in the form of citations through the use of library and electronic resources including books, articles, dissertations, regulations and international documents in Persian and English languages.
The only way to fight with this criminal phenomenon is to bind the parties to the conflict to the norms and regulations related to international humanitarian law and to criminalize the violation of such regulations, in order to control the violence of the conflicting parties within the limits of international regulations. Violation of such regulations will result in criminal prosecution charges of "international crimes" or "serious crimes of international importance."
Although Article 5 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court 1998 does not forecast environmental terrorism as an international crime, but because of the profound and irreparable harmful effects on human life and health and the health of the environment and the possibility of spreading such effects to remote areas. And even to future generations, international legal doctrine and documents recognize environmental terrorism as an acute example of terrorism and its importance in the line of international crimes and the effects of international crimes on it.

In recent decades, growing inequality in the world and the worrying destruction of the environment have forced governments to reconsider the formulation and implementation of development plans. The outcome is the concept of sustainable development that entails a process in which desirability and available possibilities are not diminished over time and a kind of distributive justice requires a fair distribution of development opportunities between current and future generations as one of the most important development goals. Meanwhile, taking into acount that the judiciary is considered as the main guarantor of justice in any society, in this study, using a descriptive and analitical method, the role and the position of judiciary authorities in considering the necessity of the observance of intergenerational justice in the advancment any national or local development program and as a result the commitment to observe the considerations related to this dimension of justice is analized. In this regard, the review of judicial procedure in the courts of some countries indicates that these authorities can play a key role in recognising and ensuring justice between the present and future generations during the codification and the implementation of development plans, as the main goal of the sustainable development.

The economic and environmental consequences of trade release and free trade agreements have always been discussed. In this regard, in this study, the economic and environmental impacts of decreasing the import tariffs of Iran and the Eurasia Economic Union have been analyzed in a 25-year long run horizon.

In this study, empirical analysis and quantification of the results is in terms of the model of dynamic energy-driven global trade analysis (GDyn-E), noted model is a computable general equilibrium model (CGE), global and multi-regional. Regarding the international nature of the analysis of this study, a global pattern and database was required to achieve the purposes of this study; therefore, GDyn-E model and version 10 of its database (published in 2020) were chosen for analysis, this database covers the entire world. In this study, the economic and environmental impacts of Iran-Eurasia free trade agreements were analyzed by RunDynam software in two scenarios (50% decrease and 100% decreasein tariff rates).

This study's resultsindicate that with the decrease of bilateral tariffs, the total CO2 emissions in Iran are increasing and by increasing commercial releasedegree, the volume of CO2 emissions increases and the total CO2 emissions in Eurasia have a decreasing trend and by increasing commercial releasedegree, the volume of CO2 emissions reduces. The results of this researchrelated to the economic welfare and production indicate that with the decrease of trade tariffs, welfare and production in Iran has an increasing trend and also welfare and production in the Eurasian Economic Union indicate an increasing and decreasing trend, respectively. The trend of the impact of technique (technology) in Iran is descending and in the Eurasian Economic Union is ascending, the impact of the technique shows a change in production technology, especially the shift towards clean technology. By commercial release, the impact of technology in Iran has resulted in an increase in environmental degradation, and in the Eurasian Economic Union, it decreases environmental degradation, proposing that the Eurasian Economic Union is moving towards clean technology and clean technologies have not been applied in Iran, and one of the reasons could be in terms of the lack of strict environmental laws in Iran.

It is recommended that along with decreasing trade tariffs and using other provisions related to the agreement, applying tougher environmental laws as well as applying clean technologies and the transfer of this kind of technology to the country must be on the agenda.