The purpose of this research was Presentation of structural equation model to explain the professionalization process in Iranian sports federations.

Present study in terms of purpose was applied and descriptive-analytic. The statistical population of this study includes managers of sports federations, coaches, athletes, and referees. The statistical sample was estimated to be 10 to 20 times the dimensions drawn in the conceptual model based on a sufficient number of models for modeling in PLS software (n=160). A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data also formal validity of questionnaire was confirmed by experts (12 people). Its reliability was estimated by using Cronbach's alpha test (0.91) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling was used in PLS3-SPSS24 software for analyze data and investigating fit of model.

Results indicated that effect of causal and contextual and interventionist conditions on professionalization of sports federations (0.37), (0.19), (0.74) were significant. Also, contextual and interventionist conditions on strategies (0.28), (0.24). Finally, the results showed that the effect of professionalization on strategies (0.58), and strategies with consequences (0.84) is direct, positive and significant.

: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that recognizing the paths of the professionalization process can help Iranian sports federations to achieve a business process. Identifying the internal and external potentials of federations can also accelerate the process of their professionalization and development.

The present study objective was developing of organizational virtue model in sport organizations. This research is an exploratory research with qualitative nature. The research data were collected with snowball sampling and based on in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 17 university professors and experts on organizational virtue. In order to analyze the data, Grounded Theory and systematic method was used and finally, the underlying model was designed based on the classic approach of Glazer (1992). The method of Gathering information was former preceding studies and In-depth and open interview. To measure validity, transferability, and verifiability, findings were presented to the participants and their opinions were applied. The method used for reliability was intra-subject agreement, the mean of intra-subject agreement 0.82 was reported. the results showed that by extrapolating the 42 resulted concepts, 13 sub concept were formed,  which in the the theoretical coding stage, were divided into 4 main entries of organisational factors, individual factors, social factors and occupational factors. Finally, This proposed model can be used to determine the indicators of promoting organizational virtue in sports organizations.

Neuromarketing is the knowledge that can examine the decisions and activities of the subconscious. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuro – physiological responses of consumer to the Endorsement and discount strategies in sports products. The research in terms of purpose was an applied and In terms of the methodology was a Semi-experimental research. The statistical population of the study was 25-35 years old physical education students and the sample was 40 volunteers (20 men and 20 women). In order to provide research tool, images were adapted by two research strategies (endorsement and discount). Validity of images was confirmed by 10 sports marketing experts. Enobio electroencephalography device, 20 channels made in Spain, was used to record the waves. A self-assessment manikin was used to measure participant’s pleasure and arousal. By considering the role of the frontal lobe in attention, the alpha and beta waves in this area of the brain were examined by F3, F4 and FZ channels. Data were analyzed by using of SPSS 22, Matlab 2013 b and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including Friedman test and logistic regression. The results showed that the changes of alpha and beta waves in the Endorsement strategy were lower than the discount strategy. This strategy involves the brain in frontal lobe greater than the discount strategy. Due to the greater effect of the endorsement strategy than the discount strategy on the neuropsychological responses of consumers, it can be used to more encourage consumers to use sports products.

In order to improve the atmosphere of football stadiums and increase the enjoyment of watching the game for the spectators, it is necessary for a wide range of organizations to interact and cooperate with each other in order to improve the etiquette of attending the stadiums. Hence, the present study aims to find the organizations and institutions that play a role in promoting the culture and etiquette of attending Iranian football stadiums with the aim of improving their security was done. The present study is applied, and its qualitative method was of conventional content analysis type. Thirteen deep Semi-structured interviews were conducted with sports management and sports Sociology experts. The interviews were continued until the reach the data Theoretical saturation. The collected data were analyzed using open and axial coding. Validity and reliability of coding were confirmed. The results showed that the ministry of sport and youth, football federation, sports football clubs and police as direct brokers and Islamic consultative assembly, supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, the ministry of information and communications technology of Iran, media, religious entities, the ministry of Education, the ministry of science, research and technology, families, municipalities, the ministry of culture and Islamic guidance, non-governmental organization and celebrities as indirect brokers can be involved in cultural modeling and develop people attendance etiquette in the football stadiums. Interaction and strategic alliance and network communication between organizations and institutions identified in this study can reduce the level of violent and aggression of the spectators’ and others attending in stadiums through developing the culture and etiquette of attending football stadiums and preventing from occurrence security incidents.

The purpose of this study was to designing a model to recruit academic sport elites in sport organizations of Iran.

The method of this research was qualitative research with grounded theory approach. The statistical population of the study was all employees of the Ministry of Sports and Youth. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 deep and semi-structured interviews with experts and Academic Sport Elites in Ministry of Sport and Youth. Categories were identified after completing the process of coding and data abstraction. Purposive and snowball sampling was done until theoretical saturation. The model was designed according to systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1994). Interviews were recorded by Audio and writing files and Data analysis in three steps: open, axial and selective coding was achieved by using MAXQDA 2020 software. Validity and reliability of the coding were confirmed by quality control of qualitative researches.

The model designed in this study includes effective dimensions and components, barriers and strategies, characteristics, causal, contextual, mediating conditions, constituent elements and central phenomena, outcomes and strategies of public policy implementation.

The country's sports managers can use the concepts and categories identified in their future plans in order to employ sports elites scientific in organizations.

The aim of this study was to rank the barriers to strategic management in the Department of Physical Education and Health Education using a hierarchical analysis process. The research method is developmental-applied and strategically, sequentially exploratory (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population of the study was 27 staff managers of the Deputy of Physical Education and Health. Expert Choice paid. According to the output of the system, the barriers to strategic management in the Deputy of Physical Education and Health Education were ranked as follows: human barriers 0.278, financial barriers 0.188, structural 0.96, design and planning barriers 0.90, educational barriers 0.84, environmental barriers 0.76, legal barriers 0.74, information barriers 0.74 and moral barriers 0.67. According to these results, the Deputy of Physical Education and Health is expected to take the necessary measures to design the system of development and empowerment of human resources, attracting funds and its proper distribution, creating appropriate infrastructure, equipment and facilities, as well as the strategic vision of managers.

The purpose of the present study was to identify and classify the factors affecting the financial distress of Iranian professional football clubs based on interpretive structural modeling (ISM). This research is a qualitative research with descriptive-analytical nature and it is an applied research which was done through interpretive structural method. Data collection tools were library studies, interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study consisted of all sport managers, professors and academic experts familiar with soccer, football players and pioneers of the country, 65 of whom were selected by purposeful and snowball method in each section of the study. Interpretive structural method (ISM) was also used for data analysis. 69 factors affecting the outflow of financial distress from Iranian football clubs were identified. They were classified into 7 dimensions: management, infrastructure, human capital, marketing and advertising, technology and technology, legal and communication factors and 4 levels. Management was identified as the fourth level of the model, the most basic and underlying model. Finally, according to the results of the research, stabilizing club management, outsourcing the club to the private sector, employing managers and marketing experts, organized communication with internal and external scientific and research centers, interaction with managers and specialists in successful European clubs and Getting to know the legal issues of the club is recommended to get rid of financial distress.

This paper aims at investigating the content of qualitative-based research on sport management published in scientific research journals indexed in the Islamic World Citation Database.
166 qualitative articles published in scientific research journals approved by the Ministry of Science during the years 1390 to 1399 were analyzed. We use a coding checklist whose validity is confirmed by sports management experts. Also, the reliability of the checklist was obtained using the agreement coefficient between the coders of 88.50%.
findings of this work demonstrate that majority of the articles employ the grounded theory(66/8%). furthermore, semi-structured interviews(56/6%) appear to be the most popular data collection method., purposive sampling(29/5%) open, axial, and selective coding(82/5%) seem to be the most popular ones. Also, in many of articles (41%), no data triangulation is reported. In addition, only in ten percent of cases, present suggestions and recommendation for future researchers.
In recent years, an increasing trend for qualitative-based research in the sport management literature has been observed. Therefore, by highlighting the weaknesses and limitations of qualitative studies, solutions to improve future studies have been proposed.

The main purpose of this research is to formulate a private sector investment model with an emphasis on sporting events. The present study is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. In the qualitative part of the research, 30 people purposefully and in the quantitative part, according to Cochran's formula, people from the presidents of sports federations, managers of sports clubs, financial sponsors, managers of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, professors and physical education specialists and all members of the think tank of the Ministry of Sports. Iranian youth were selected as a research sample. A 53-item researcher-made questionnaire was used to achieve the research objectives. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 15 experts and the construct validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Combined reliability indices (CR) and Cronbach's alpha were higher than 0.7 for all constructs and the whole questionnaire. Delphi method was used to analyze the data in the qualitative part in three steps. In the quantitative part, descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used with the help of SPSS 22 and Smartpls software. The results showed that economic factors as the most important and first category (0.325), managerial factors (0.278) in the second place, cultural factors (0.267) in the third place, and legal factors (0.213) It ranks fourth and structural factors (0.193) are effective in private sector investment and participation in national and international sporting events. The results of the research show that providing economic, managerial and cultural solutions as the most important components can lead to investment and participation of the private sector in the Iranian sports industry.

The purpose of this study was to design a model for the role of sport in world peace. In this qualitative research method, the foundation data method has been used to answer the research questions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the study consisted of all experts and specialists who were familiar with the subject of peace and sports. According to the data foundation method, sampling was done theoretically. Data analysis was performed using three stages of open, axial and selective coding using version 7 of Atlas-Ti software. After open coding, the categories of causal conditions included Politics, Internationalism, Education, and Economics. Underlying conditions included Organizational, Political, Socio-Cultural, and International conditions. Strategies of action included Political, Organizational, Educational, Managerial strategies and its Structural and Human Consequences were extracted. Then, in the axial and selective coding stage, the link between these categories was determined in the form of a paradigm model of the research and the final theory was formed. Based on the results of research on the role of sport in world peace, it can be said that a challenging path is still ahead. It seems that by emphasizing the role of Politics, International Relations, Education and constructive cooperation between national and international sports authorities and world rulers, one can hope to improve the current situation and promote world peace through sport.

The aim of this research was developing a Conceptual Model for the Development of Worker Sport in Iran. The research method was qualitative research with systematic exploratory approach. The statistical population consisted of two sections of human resources (managers, professors, educators, etc.) and information resources (books, articles, documents, media, etc.). The sample was selected based on theoretical saturation and was sampled in a theoretical way (18 people and 53 documents). The research tool was a library study and exploratory interviews. The validity of the tool was evaluated and verified based on the legal and scientific evidence of the sample, the opinion of the experts, and the agreement between the codebook editors. A multi-stage coding method was used to analyze the data using a systematic approach. The conceptual model consisted of six consecutive levels: context level (social supporters and environmental capacities), structure level (trustee institutions, strategic executive capability, and division of work between sectors and cross-sector), capability level (innovation and diversification, knowledge and technology system, Human Resource Management, Physical Resource Management and Financing in Worker Sport), Process Level (Sporting Events, Sport Needs Assessment, Sport Cultivation, General Sport Training and Sport Services to Workers), Performance Level (Sport Ability, Sport Achievement and Worker Sport Participation) and Outcome Level (Sustainable Development of Worker Sport). Based on the conceptual model It can be said that the system of development of workers' sports development in the country Driven by a chain of contextual, structural, functional, process, functional, and consequential factors and the outcome of the relationships between these factors determines the output of the system and the development level.