پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 106 (بهار 1402)

The government's exclusive access to oil resources, governmental economy and the orientation of article 44 of constitution regarding privatization, are the main hindrances that affect competition, productivity and efficiency in Iran’s economy. In this regard, by the enforcement of "the law of general policies of article 44" it is aimed to restrict the government monopoly. The main objective of this paper is to identify Iran's markets structure and to measure the monopoly power in industrial markets based on 2-digit ISIC codes. To achieve this purpose, the Hall-Roger approach is applied to measure monopoly power in the manufacturing industries for the period of 1381 to 1397. The findings show that in most industries, the mark-up index is more than 1.2 and the Lerner index is more than 0.16, which indicates the existence of monopoly power. Sectors such as cement, lime and plaster, and pharmaceutical industries have the highest level of monopoly power. In addition, the results show that the industries under investigation lack economies of scale.

One of the challenges raised by the mining sector at the regional level, is the lack of benefits for the local communities from the advantage of the externalities generated by the presence of mining producers. The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate this challenge. This is achieved by estimating the relationship between the provinces' living standards and the share of the province's mineral production, using the Arellano-Bover/Blundel- Bond two-step Dynamic GMM Panel Data approach. Also, the share of the added value of each province is included in the model as a control variable of the level of development of the provinces. The estimation was obtained using provincial data for the period of 2014-2020. The empirical results of this study show that the increase in exploration activities does not increase the living standards of the local communities. Finally, mechanisms such as corporate social responsibility, implementation of investment funds, and shareholding of mines by local community can help to solve this challenge.

Countries are forced to transform their production structure, to create new sectors and technologies that generate productive and better jobs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of industrial policy and structural changes of economic enterprises on the employment of Iran and newly industrialized countries using the autoregressive econometric model with a break in the time frame of 2000-2020. The results of the research showed that along with the traditional factors affecting the increase in employment, respectively, the index with a break in structural changes, the index with a break in investment in technology absorption, the index with a break in research and development costs in Iran and the countries under review, have a positive and significant effect on industrial employment. lonely labor productivity index has a negative effect on industrial employment. Since the developments along with the growth of technology in the industrial sector can affect industrial employment, it is necessary to direct investment in the absorption of technology by industrial enterprises from the agricultural and service sectors to the productive sub-sectors of the industrial sector in order to increase employment in the formulation of industrial policy plans. It is suggested that the revenues of the oil and gas sector should be allocated to investment in research and development, innovation and training of the workforce and the development of industrial projects.

The efficiency of business support structures such as logistics services, is one of the determinants of industrial exports. The main aim of the paper is to investigate the impact of Iran's logistics performance and export destinations on Iran's bilateral industrial exports. This analysis is based on logistics performance index and its six core components for a large sample of export destinations. Empirical analysis includes the estimation of gravity model coefficients using the pseudo-Poissian maximum likelihood method (PPML) for the time period of 2007-2018, which includes logistics performance criteria. The findings of this study provide strong evidence of the positive role of logistics in increasing Iran's bilateral industrial exports. In addition, the results show that increasing Iran's logistics performance is more important and effective than increasing the logistics performance of export destinations. This analysis also continues by examining whether the determinants of logistics performance are important for Iran's industrial exports or not. Meanwhile, the components of international transportation, tracking and tracking, service quality, on-time delivery, infrastructure and customs of export destinations respectively have the greatest impact on Iran's industrial export demand. While the increae in the quality of Iran's logistics services compared to other components of logistics performance is known as the key factor affecting the supply of industrial goods exports. Therefore, continuous investment in logistics infrastructure and services for export destinations and improving the quality of Iran's logistics services can have a positive effect on Iran's industrial exports.

During the last two decades, growth of international exchange of goods and services, has increased environmental problems including climate change and global pollution significantly. Thus, the global effort to reduce environmental problems, the importance of production and international trade of environmental goods has been placed on the agenda of many developed and developing countries. One of the most important efforts and measures in this regard, is institutional development which includes strict environmental regulations, rule of law and improving the quality of regulations. The main goal of this paper is to investigate the importance and impact of institutional factors on the export of environmental goods in developing and developed countries within the framework of the gravity model. To estimate the model, a panel data was built for the period of 1996-2021, using a sample of 129 developing countries and 41 developed countries, by applying the least squares method with fixed effect. The results show that strict environmental policies, the rule of law and the quality of regulations encourage the export of environmental goods in developed countries, but this result is not true for developing countries. While the aforementioned institutional factors are known to be the main drivers of the export of environmental goods for the export purposes of the group of countries under study. Therefore, the global effort to improve the standard and effective environmental policy framework, and to improve the quality of regulations and governance is considered beneficial for the export development of environmental goods.

Managers and owners of small businesses often spend little time preparing a strategic plan and communicating between the strategy and executive layers. They spend most of their focus and time on securing capital and communicating with investors, which makes them to overlook important issues such as communication with the target market, customer satisfaction and trust, cost adjustment and development of income channels and formulation of the related strategies.. This research has been carried out with the aim of systematically reviewing previous researches in the field of strategy mapping and knowledge, as well as identifying key elements and providing a strategic map for new businesses in Bushehr province. The main goal of the research is to design a structural strategic model of effective indicators for starting small and start-up businesses. By studying the subject literature and using the textual content analysis approach, a set of fifteen basic indicators were identified, and in order to localize them in small and start-up businesses, the Delphi technique was used in three rounds. The statistical population of the research included managers and experts familiar with the subject and working in the field of small and start-up businesses. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data, and its validity and reliability were also confirmed. In order to design a structural strategic model of effective indicators for the planning of small and start-up businesses, the interpretive structural modeling approach was used in a fuzzy environment to manage linguistic ambiguities in judgments. The results of the modeling and MICMAC analysis showed that the attraction and cultivation of expert employees, employee participation, effective leadership and the creation of a supporting information system are among the basic and influential indicators in the field of small and start-up businesses; Therefore, managers are suggested to emphasize and pay more attention to this group of indicators.

The result of a simple and inflexible treatment of such a contract would be a breach of contract. However, the economic and legal schools of the world, in order to avoid the undesirable consequences of the violation and reduce the incidence of this legal event, seek to determine and establish ways to amend the contract instead of the violation. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to enumerate these strategies in Common law, French and Iranian law, and the principles of UNIDROIT (as international rules). Prescribing and anticipating the possibility of renegotiation, open prices, and Netback are solutions in the mentioned legal systems (except Iran) to modify and complete the contracts that are incomplete. Concepts such as force major, Hardship, and Frustration of contract can be used in UNIDROIT principles to prevent incomplete contract breaches. In Shiite jurisprudence and consequently the laws of Iran, the theory of implicit condition can be considered as a rule for repairing an incomplete contract. "The ability to determine the price" can also be considered as another solution. Also, by carefully considering and deepening the jurisprudential orders and legal regulations, it is possible to apply some of the solutions of other legal systems to the current legal system of Iran.