پژوهشنامه بازرگانی
پیاپی 109 (زمستان 1402)

Although mines provide primary raw materials for production and they are considered a valuable resources, they often come with pollution and environmental damage. Sustainable development policies aim to compensate for the environmental damages caused by mining activities, by directing the related  enterprises towards environmentally friendly investments. It is expected that with an increase in mining activities, capital spending on environmental protection will also increase to compensate for the destruction caused. This study estimates the relationship between the level of mining exploitation and the value of mining environmental investment in different provinces of Iran, using the dynamic panel data model GMM with an Arellano-Bond approach. Regional governance quality can significantly impact  commitment to environmental investments. For this purpose, the provincial environmental governance index was extracted and included in the model. Since the level of development in provinces has an effective relationship with institutional quality, provincial added value was taken into account in the model as a control variable for the level of provincial development. Estimates were obtained using provincial data from 2014 to 2021. The results of this study suggest that increased mining activity does not lead to higher capital spending on the environment. On the other hand, higher governance quality in provinces is positively associated with mining environmental investments. Additionally, mines located in more developed provinces incur higher environmental spending. Finally, the government can force mining operators to compensate for environmental damages using the capacity of corporate social responsibility by improving regulations in the area of mining environmental protection.

Country risks continue to reduce international trade. One of the missing links in the field of studies in the field of international trade patterns of Islamic countries is the lack of a coherent study on the impact of country risk and each of its components on intra-group trade patterns of Islamic countries. The main goal of the article is to evaluate the impact of economic, financial and political risk on industrial exports within the group of member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). This study examines the intra-group export patterns of this category of countries from the perspective of the gravity model and the pseudo-Poissian maximum likelihood method (PPML) during the period from 2002 – 2021. The results show that the intra-group export pattern of industrial goods of OIC member countries is affected by the market size and the political and financial risk of the countries of origin and destination, the real exchange rate, the distance and common border, and the economic risk of the destination countries. Meanwhile, the political risk variable has a significant negative impact on the intra-group industrial export pattern of the organization's member countries compared to other factors that determine country risk. The impact of economic risk is evaluated negatively only for export purposes, but the impact of financial risk is positive for exporters and importers of industrial goods of member countries. This study suggests that member countries of the organization pay more attention to the role of country risk, especially political risk, in the formation of industrial export patterns within the group. Therefore, increasing institutional capabilities related to export credit, reviewing risk assessment models and how to manage it is a key issue in regional cooperation.

The purpose of this article is to extract the strategic issues of the distribution system and present the transformation strategies of this sector based on Bryson's method. Based on this, the consequences of the distribution network from the perspective of the activity of each of the "distribution agents" in the form of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats have been calculated and then the pathology of the distribution agents' performance has been discussed. The pathological results are classified in the form of 4 groups including unorganized units, semi-organized units, fully organized traditional units and fully organized modern units.The results show that the strategic issues of the distribution system in the way of achieving economic goals include the continuous reduction of the ability to create added value in the country's distribution sector and the increase in the pressure of distribution service costs on other economic sectors. The strategic issues of the distribution system in the way of achieving social goals include the violation of consumers' rights, the reduction of the share of the distribution sector in the creation of formal employment, and the increase in the side costs of distribution services in the country. The strategic issues of the distribution system in the way of achieving regulatory goals include the high cost of market management policies on the economy and the high cost of monitoring and inspection measures in the distribution network.

One of the most important issues for developing countries, especially Iran, is the export of petrochemical products, which has received a lot of attention after the oil sanctions in the country. Promotion of exports in developing countries is known as an important element for the development of exports and the efforts of developing countries to participate more in the world trade system. Considering the importance of the issue and since Iran's economy is always facing shocks in the world markets, in this article, the spillover effect of the financial policy shock of the economic poles of the world on the export of petrochemical products of Iran and its business partners was discussed with the global vector autoregression approach, in the form of quarterly data from 1995-2020. The results showed that the positive effect of the total spending of the US government increased the GDP and imports of this country and had spillover effects to other countries, including a decrease in imports and an increase in exports for America's trading partners. In relation to Iran, the spillover effects of the global financial policy pole shock through the influence of Iran's business partners, including China, have increased the country's petrochemical products exports. Also, according to the results of the bootstraps, the positive shock of the total real expenditure of the European Union and China has not had any effect on the export of petrochemical products

In this paper, the problem of supplier selection has been studied by considering two scenarios of cooperation and competition. Suppliers have no capacity constraints and have several shipments in a production cycle. Two contract scenarios are analyzed by game theory techniques. In the first scenario, the cooperation among suppliers and the buyer is analyzed by cooperative game theory under wholesale price contract and profit allocation methods of Shapley, τ value, and least core. In the second scenario, the competition of suppliers under quantity discount contract with supplier leader Stakelberg game approach is analyzed. It is shown that the cooperative scenario includes stable core solutions which minimizes the total supply chain cost. In addition, the opportunity cost plays a crucial role in the selection of suppliers. After identifying payoff functions of the players, the equilibrium points of the scenarios are determined and compared in a numerical example. The total supply chain cost is improved in cooperation in comparison to competitive scenario. The τ value is the best scenario for the buyer while shapley value gives favorable allocations to suppliers.

Using influencers for marketing is a good strategy because, in this way, brands not only retain their current customers but also attract new potential customers. Now, since marketing ethics can be one of the success factors of online marketing for most products, including digital goods, it is important that influencers are also aware of this standard of attitudes and ethical decisions that are applied in marketing practices. In this research, using the dominant model, the effect that the marketing ethics of female online influencers can have on the sale of digital goods was investigated. The proposed comprehensive and practical model has not been addressed in any of the previous researches. The research is exploratory, and data collection and analysis were done in a mixed manner. In the qualitative part, the research method was based on the Grounded theory, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 marketing managers and consultants in the field of online selling of digital goods in Tehran. In the quantitative part, the validity and reliability of the research was confirmed by collecting a questionnaire from 380 people working in the field of marketing and using structural equations (PLS software). Based on the findings, a model of the categories related to the marketing ethics of female online influencers, which have the greatest impact on the sale of digital goods, was obtained.