فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 181 (بهار 1402)

Rural houses in Bushehr are a valuable part of of Iran's architectural history that have taken shape based on their climatic, cultural, and economic needs. To fully understand their value, extensive research is needed. One important aspect of this value is the recognition of the privacy provided by these structures, which is crucial for their inhabitants. Although various factors contribute to the formation of privacy, spatial organization can be identified as the most significant. Therefore, in order to better understand the formation of privacy and how Bushehr's rural houses respond to it, the spatial organization of these houses needs to be analyzed. Nine rural houses were purposefully selected from the surveyed villages to achieve this goal. Then, five indicators of privacy measurement, including hierarchy of access, public and private spaces, connection and visual privacy, visual access and legibility, were extracted from theoretical research foundations. In the next stage, graph analysis technique was used to extract data from the drawn maps using tools such as connectivity, relationship, step depth, metric depth, and angle of view with the help of Depth Map software for sample analysis. The findings indicate that although houses have similar spatial organization, they differ in depth and hierarchy of access to spaces. The results indicate that differences in the type of access and visibility of spaces have created different boundaries in houses, which in turn affect their level of privacy. In some houses, due to lower levels of connectivity, relationship, and depth indicators, they have less permeability and cohesion, as well as a higher hierarchy of access, resulting in a greater level of privacy. Additionally, rooms (especially bedrooms) and bathrooms, which are part of the private domain, have the greatest depth and the lowest level of connectivity, indicating a higher degree of privacy.

Nowadays, ecotourism has become an important economic activity in natural areas throughout the world, providing tourists with the opportunity to experience natural and cultural symbols and appreciate the importance of preserving biodiversity and local cultures. At the same time, this activity purpose to contribute to environmental preservation and provide economic benefits for local communities. The purpose of this study is to determine optimal locations for building an ecotourism accommodation in the village of Namarestagh, Amol. The present study is both practically and methodologically descriptive-analytical in nature, focusing on the field of urban planning. In order to achieve the research objective, information was gathered through a review of sources in the field of optimal location for ecotourism resorts, using multivariate decision-making methods and geographic information systems. Effective location criteria were identified and finalized by experts in the local tourism industry, and relevant digital maps were prepared. The final criteria used in this study include slope, vegetation cover, distance from residential areas, proximity to transportation routes, proximity to water resources, and tourism climate.Then the desired criteria were standardized and weighted using the AHP and fuzzy methods in a professional and effective manner. Ultimately, combining the layers using the WLC method resulted in a final potential map for eco-tourism accommodation development. The results of criterion weighting indicated that surface water resources, vegetation cover, transportation routes, slope, tourism climate, and habitat had the highest to lowest weights, respectively. The final results showed that seven polygons with over 70% potential were suitable for eco-tourism accommodation in the Namarestagh village. Polygon 1 had the highest potential score of 7110/0 while Polygon 6 had the lowest potential score of 6335/0. In total, 82 hectares of the studied area had a potential of over 70% for the development of eco-tourism accommodations.

Enhancing and capacity building of rural communities and organizations is one of the prerequisites for sustainable development. One of the effective strategies for sustainable rural development is the role of social capital. Social capital is the result of interactions between individuals, organizations, and institutions, based on trust and solidarity, facilitated through social participation and cooperation. The purpose of this research is to examine the dimensions of social capital (trust and social participation) in rural development for empowering local communities. In this research, the social capital of the community network in the village of Eshtivan is examined through completing a questionnaire for network analysis and conducting direct interviews with members of rural development subgroups. The research was conducted with a social network approach. Therefore, participatory workshops were held to mobilize social resources in the village, which in turn laid the groundwork for the formation of rural development subgroups. In order to achieve social empowerment, social capital components such as participation and trust among individuals need to be strengthened. Trust and participation links among 113 members in 11 rural development subgroups were examined using quantitative indicators of network macro-level, and the social capital of these subgroups was assessed at different stages before and after project implementation. The results indicate that the level of trust, participation, and social capital was average or weak before project implementation, but increased after the project was carried out. The speed of trust and participation exchange among individuals, as well as unity and cohesion among individuals, increased after the project implementation. In general, based on the obtained results, it can be stated that the social capital within the network of subgroups increased following the implementation of this project, and it can be argued that with the strengthening of social capital, the realization and enhancement of the capacity of rural communities has become possible.

Housing is an outcome influenced by society, economy, culture, and the environment. These factors have impacted the physical form and created different housing patterns. However, due to increasing urbanization, the diverse needs of individuals have received less attention, leading to inadequate and homelessness. Having harmonious housing patterns that align with user needs results in higher quality dwellings and prevents unplanned and disorganized housing, which leads to the loss of capital. By understanding the existing values in patterns and applying them to new constructions, a comprehensive categorization of housing patterns can be achieved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze housing patterns in different neighborhoods of Khorramabad city based on influential indicators in shaping housing patterns. The research method used in this study is descriptive-analytical and falls under the category of applied research. Data collection methods include field observations and library research. Additionally, in order to determine housing patterns in Khorramabad city, spatial autocorrelation analysis (Moran's I) has been utilized among the extracted indicators. This tool is used to examine the spatial distribution of variables. Patterns that simultaneously consider spatial characteristics and their descriptive properties, and have a Moran's statistic of one or close to one, exhibit spatial autocorrelation and are clustered. These patterns include factors such as inequality, climate factors, slope, climatic comfort, street network shape, hierarchy of streets, occupancy level, land price, household income, building density, and housing costs, which have an impact on different housing patterns in Khorramabad city. They are less influenced by factors such as ethnicity and kinship, household type, lifestyle and prevailing societal values, categorization, and occupational homogeneity. Based on the conducted investigations, housing patterns in Khorramabad are influenced by four dimensions: social, economic, physical, and environmental. These dimensions can be utilized to develop suitable housing planning patterns.

Provision of temporary housing is one of the crucial stages of post-disaster rehabilitation plans, which play a determinant role in the rehabilitation of the injured and provide the facility of resumption of normal life activities until the end of the reconstruction of permanent housing. But temporary housing plans often face many challenges and are criticized in various aspects, including cultural adequacy. This study by deliberation of the process of providing temporary housing in the village of Chensevli after the Golestan 2019 flood, which has been done with the approach of using local architecture, to evaluate the role of cultural adequacy on the success of providing temporary housing and residents' satisfaction. This study has used a qualitative approach and ethnographic content analysis method to identify the criteria of cultural adequacy of post-disaster temporary housing. Semi-structured interviews and participatory observation were the main tools for field data gathering and selecting samples have done purposefully. In addition, a quantitative survey of ten reconstruction specialists was conducted to prioritize the identified criteria and assess the findings' accuracy and validity. From the analysis, 21 criteria for cultural adequacy of temporary housing were identified and classified into seven categories. These findings show that consideration to the cultural features  of temporary housing is not only limited to its form and aesthetics ,but also it must consider resource collection, skills, technology, form, socio-economic interactions, long-term usage scenarios, and stakeholder participation to improve the comfort situation by recognizing users' diversity of characteristics, needs, and capacities. Finally, it is emphasized that although the present study focuses on the cultural adequacy of temporary housing, this aim cannot be achieved only by separately design temporary units. Also, the cultural dimension is not separate from the social, economic, geographical, and environmental dimensions of temporary housing, and these dimensions mutually affect each other.

Nowadays, the provision of suitable physical monuments and the supplying of necessary life facilities proportion to the time condition are the main factors of the quality of life in biological complexes, especially in rural areas. In this regard, this is provided by government through rural planning at the national level in the country. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the consequences of the implementation of the rural leader plan on improving the quality of life of villagers in Rashtkhar district. This research is descriptive-analytical in which the necessary field data was prepared by means of observation, interview and completing the questionnaire. In this study, the statistical population comprises households in rural areas of Rashtkhar village, totaling 3,192 individuals. The case study encompasses 26 villages with inhabitants, among which 12 villages where the Hadi plan has been implemented were chosen as samples. To determine the sample households, the Cochran formula was initially used to calculate 343 households as the sample size, which was later increased to 350 samples to enhance the validity of the results. The research samples were then selected through the simple random sampling method. Additionally, descriptive and inferential statistical methods, the Shannon entropy model, and the Topsis model were utilized for data analysis. According to the results of the repeated measures analysis of variance, there is a significant difference between various quality of life variables and the highest level of quality of life components being related to physical and infrastructural factors. in the other hand, the effect of the Hadi plan was found to be significant with a value of (F=847/359, V=0/071) and a significance level of (sig=0/000). Therefore, there is a significant difference between different dimensions of quality of life at a 99% confidence level. Overall, it can be said that the effects of the Hadi plan on the quality of life in the studied rural areas were not uniform and its consequences have been able to moderately improve the quality of life of rural households in this region. Finally, based on the results obtained, solutions were proposed for the proper implementation of rural Hadi plans and the improvement of the quality of life of rural residents in the area, in order to prevent the waste of local and national resources and to comply with strategies.

Through simultaneous examination of climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and air flow, human perception of the surrounding environment can be understood. These variables, which are influenced by environmental conditions, have a significant impact on comfort and shape human thermal responses. Therefore, the combination of these factors has an inevitable psychological and physical impact on human comfort conditions. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the thermal conditions of the environment, which are correlated with human responses and can provide reliable predictions of comfort conditions. Thermal compatibility has also been selected as a theoretical model for research evaluation and its validity has been examined. This article, in line with project Ashrae-884, focuses on estimating neutral temperature and thermal comfort boundaries for residents of residential buildings on Kish Island during two moderate to warm seasons. Data obtained from field studies in a hot and humid climate have been analyzed using a combination of variables through the statistical methods of correlation and regression analysis via Excel software to predict thermal comfort. Based on the actual opinions, residents feel comfortable at higher temperatures than those stated in international standards. It is also observed that the average indoor temperature has been in harmony with the comfort temperature, and more importantly, there is an acceptable correlation between the neutral temperature and the monthly average temperature outside the building, which is evidence of the compatibility theory. Since there is a difference of about 4 degrees between the actual and the predicted neutral temperature in this study, and according to Nickel's studies, every 1 degree difference in the neutral temperature creates a 7% difference in energy consumption in the same space, so by applying the results, we can achieve a 28% energy saving in residential areas. That's why architects are guided towards logical design, and relevant ministries are assisted on the scientific principles of energy consumption. In the present study, contemporary buildings are considered as a case study.

The application of passive defensive principles and measures as a set of precautions, unarmed actions, and non-violent designs in human settlements such as villages reduces vulnerability and increases the capacity of rural settlements to cope with natural and man-made threats. Therefore, rural housing and infrastructure are the most important physical elements of rural areas that require fundamental attention. The purpose of this article is to establish a relationship between the form of housing and rural infrastructure with passive defensive principles, and to attempt to identify and rank various non-military defense elements within the Yaseh Chai rural defense system in order to understand how defense and defensive architecture affect its physical form, and ultimately ensure the sustainability of the rural area against critical conditions. The methodology of this research is a combination of two descriptive-analytical and survey methods, by a practical development approach, using a questionnaire as a tool. The data analysis was carried out using software such as GRAPHER, VISIO, SPSS, and other statistical programs, while VIKOR technique was used for ranking the criteria. Based on the results obtained from the VIKOR modeling, the spatial analysis of the architectural and urban structure of Yaseh Chai village is based on non-operational defense criteria, such as "hiding the village's appearance with local materials" and "predicting the stair-shaped form of houses to reduce damage caused by the destruction of houses" as well as "suitable village location based on suitable and fertile soil for agriculture, horticulture and farming to provide for the economic needs of the inhabitants." These factors have received the highest scores, while factors such as "predicting mosques and Husseiniyahs in the village as emergency shelters" and "controlling the entry and exit of houses by distinguishing between public and private areas in the space of the houses" have received the lowest scores. Also, among the principles of passive defense, the "appropriate location of Yaseh Chai village" had the greatest impact and "shelter prediction" had the least effect on the formation of housing form and village fabric.

Today, crisis management, risk assessment of disasters, and analysis of their components (risk and threat, vulnerability, and consequence) are of greater importance than ever before in defining preventative measures, reducing the effects, and even preparing for timely response to various disasters. Although international researchers and organizations have tried to provide methods for risk assessment, vulnerability analysis, and classification of effective impacts in a system facing disasters, considering the complexity of risk management, most methods are chosen based on the researchers' purposes and perhaps on a subjective basis (based on accuracy and ease of work). Accordingly, this research was conducted with a comparative approach to some existing methods and by selecting an appropriate method with the aim of presenting a risk assessment model for floods in Hamedan province to classify vulnerabilities and potential impacts in population centers. This is particularly relevant in the field of urban planning. Therefore, initially using a library method and comparative analysis of existing studies, a suitable method for Hamedan province was found to be a combination of the Gumbel distribution method, K-mean model, and fuzzy clustering of influential parameters. In this method, by implementing and combining standard layers of influential parameters through fuzzy AHP and flood risk layer obtained through standardized matrix of experts' opinions in GIS software, a flood risk map is prepared, and then population centers (cities) are classified. Continuing the implementation of the method, the classification of centers at risk in Hamedan province resulted in the cities of Hamedan, Malayer, Tuyserkan, Nahavand, Asadabad, Kabudrahang, Razan, Bahar, Famennin, and Ghorveh Dargazin in descending order. Therefore, Hamedan city as the center of Hamedan province is located in a relatively high to very high risk zone, and due to its high population density compared to other cities in the province, it is a priority for accurate risk assessment, vulnerability analysis, and mitigation measures.

War has significant negative impacts not only on human societies but also on the environment. In Syria, the residential sector has been heavily affected by extensive destruction, which needs to be prioritized in reconstruction strategies and plans in order to provide necessary housing for displaced individuals. This research aims to propose sustainable housing reconstruction strategies after war in Syria. Studies conducted on the literature and case studies from war-torn countries show that reconstruction can be an opportunity for achieving sustainable development, as long as it is considered within long-term development plans. This article focuses on finding new perspectives and solutions for the sustainable reconstruction of partially destroyed residential units after war. To achieve this goal, we first define the concept of reconstruction and its approaches, then examine the indigenous housing architecture of Damascus and study global experiences in post-war reconstructions in different countries. Considering the conditions of each country and assessing the post-war situation in Syria, particularly in the city of Damascus, an appropriate strategy for reconstruction can be chosen.To achieve this goal, a residential complex that has been affected by war in Syria was selected and examined. In this regard, fieldwork and questionnaires were conducted to identify the key components in sustainable housing reconstruction projects after war, in line with the research framework. By using the questionnaire, the opinions of experts on the most influential components in such projects were obtained. The results of the questionnaire show that these components are more important in environmental dimensions and subsequently in social dimensions, but less important in economic dimensions. Ultimately, the components of environmental sustainability and social sustainability are prioritized.