نشریه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار 1402)

The purpose of this research was to compare the attitude of parents, sports teachers and students towards physical education. The method of this research was descriptive and comparative. The statistical population included students, parents and physical education teachers of Yazd province. From this society, 240 students and 240 of their parents were randomly selected using the Kargesi and Morgan table and 17 of the physical education teachers were selected as a statistical sample, and 240 questionnaires between students and their parents and 18 questionnaires between Male sports teachers were distributed. It should be noted that the content validity of the tool was calculated by a group of experts and its reliability was also calculated in a research study. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as chi-square and Yeoman-Whitney using SPSS software version 21. The findings of the research showed that there was a significant difference between the attitudes of parents, male sports teachers, and male high school students towards physical education lessons (p≤0.05). Therefore, by providing sports programs for parents and students, their attitude towards physical education can be improved so that they also have the necessary support for better implementation of physical education lesson plans.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of an 8-week period of rope exercises on the indicators of aerobic capacity and body composition of non-athletic elementary school boys during the Corona era. The research subjects were 28 non-athletic male students who voluntarily cooperated with the researcher. After getting to know how to implement the research project, the students were randomly divided into two groups of 14 people, control and rope training. Before the exercise, height, weight and thickness of subcutaneous fat were measured at 3 points (chest, abdomen and thigh). Then, in one session, a 540-meter test was performed before the start of the training session. After the subjects got familiar with how to do the work, the training program of rope pulling started for 8 weeks. Each week consisted of two 45-minute training sessions, which included 10-minute warm-up, 30-minute main workout, and 5-minute cool-down, and each session was divided into 2 15-minute training sessions with a 1-minute rest period between them, and 3 sets every 15 minutes. 5 minutes divided by 90 seconds of exercise and 30 seconds of rest. For statistical analysis and comparison between groups, independent t-test and intra-group comparisons were used by correlated t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. The findings showed that the running time of the 540-meter test in non-athletic students decreased significantly after 8 weeks of training. It was also found that the percentage of body fat and net body mass of the subjects decreased and increased significantly after 8 weeks of training. Therefore, it can be concluded that probably rope training can be used as a suitable alternative to intermittent aerobic running in schools.

The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between coaches' leadership styles and success motivation of wrestlers of different age groups. The research was applied in terms of purpose, descriptive and correlational in terms of strategy and was carried out by field method. The statistical population included all the best freestyle wrestlers in the age groups of teenagers, youth and adults of Hamedan province in 1400. The statistical sample consisted of 120 people, and due to the statistical sample being equal to the statistical population, the statistical sample was considered as a whole number. The instrument of data collection was Chaladorai Sports Leadership Scale Questionnaire (LSS) and Sports Success Questionnaire (SSS). Reliability was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method of 0.75 and 0.89 respectively. To analyze the data using SPSS software version 26 at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics (frequency distribution table, frequency percentage, mean, standard deviation, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient at a significance level of p≤0.05, F test and Fisher's Z test) was used. The results showed that the leadership styles of coaches have a significant positive effect on the success motivation of wrestlers. Social support behavior was the most and authoritarian behavior was the least behavior used by educators. There is a significant positive relationship between training and practice behaviors, positive and democratic feedback and success motivation; And there was a significant negative relationship between authoritarian behavior and achievement motivation. Therefore, it is suggested for educators to use more social support style and less authoritarian style.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of an 8-week period of rope exercises on the indicators of aerobic capacity and body composition of non-athletic elementary school boys during the Corona era. The research subjects were 28 non-athletic male students who voluntarily cooperated with the researcher. After getting to know how to implement the research project, the students were randomly divided into two groups of 14 people, control and rope training. Before the exercise, height, weight and thickness of subcutaneous fat were measured at 3 points (chest, abdomen and thigh). Then, in one session, a 540-meter test was performed before the start of the training session. After the subjects got familiar with how to do the work, the training program of rope pulling started for 8 weeks. Each week consisted of two 45-minute training sessions, which included 10-minute warm-up, 30-minute main workout, and 5-minute cool-down, and each session was divided into 2 15-minute training sessions with a 1-minute rest period between them, and 3 sets every 15 minutes. 5 minutes divided by 90 seconds of exercise and 30 seconds of rest. For statistical analysis and comparison between groups, independent t-test and intra-group comparisons were used by correlated t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures. The findings showed that the running time of the 540-meter test in non-athletic students decreased significantly after 8 weeks of training. It was also found that the percentage of body fat and net body mass of the subjects decreased and increased significantly after 8 weeks of training. Therefore, it can be concluded that probably rope training can be used as a suitable alternative to intermittent aerobic running in schools.

The purpose of this research was to identify and rank the factors affecting the development of equestrian sports tourism in Damghan. This research is applied with a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this research included 20 experts and experts including (equestrian club owners, officials, experts, riders, trainers and judges in the field of equestrian sports in Semnan province). The sampling method is random cluster method. The research tool, which is a questionnaire based on the Hierarchical Decision Making Method (AHP), was made by the researcher based on an exploratory study and rewriting of the basics and similar studies, and its content validity was based on the opinion of experts and its reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.79). ) was confirmed. Through the Delphi technique and using the weighting method (9 factors), research criteria were prioritized. Based on this, 5 main criteria including planning and management, infrastructure and equipment, cultural-social, marketing and advertising, rules and regulations and 36 sub-criteria were set. The final weight of the criteria was determined based on the purpose of the research in such a way that the "planning and management" criterion with the highest weight (24.288) was ranked first. After that, there is the "rules and regulations" criterion with a weight of 11.04. In the third place, there is the "infrastructure and equipment" criterion with a weight of 5.577, then the "cultural and social" criterion with a weight of 5.577, and finally the "marketing and advertising" criterion with a weight of 2.378.

Today, the topic of environmental sustainability is raised as a requirement for cities that volunteer to hold the Olympic Games. The purpose of this research was to investigate one of the successful strategies used in hosting the Olympic Games. For this purpose, the city of Vancouver in Canada was chosen as a pilot. This research is a review type that has been done through in-depth study. The required data were screened and categorized and analyzed according to the research objectives. The results are presented and interpreted in separate sections. The findings have shown that the organizing committee of the games has achieved brilliant results in several main areas, which were: environmental standards of infrastructure, transportation management, financial support and creation of new jobs. It was also found that during seven years (2010-2017), the sustainable economic development strategy used in Vancouver was very successful and the targeted industrial green sectors had a good growth.

Musculoskeletal changes associated with the aging process particularly affect bijoint muscles, such as knee and hip flexors and extensors, limiting range of motion and altering torque distribution around the joints, thereby reducing flexibility. It seriously reduces. Stretching exercises can be an important tool in minimizing these changes. The aim of this research was to compare the acute effect of the combination of agonist and antagonist muscle stretching on the static and dynamic range of motion of the pelvis in elderly people. The current research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The participants included 120 elderly people aged 65 and over in Mashhad, who were randomly divided into four groups with different stretching exercise protocols (static flexors and extensors, dynamic flexors and extensors, static flexors and dynamic extensors, dynamic flexors and static extensors). Were placed the training protocol was carried out for 12 sessions in 4 weeks. The variables of static and dynamic range of motion of the pelvis were measured and recorded in two pre-test and post-test sessions, and the data were analyzed using the covariance test along with Bonferroni's post hoc test. The results showed that all four static and dynamic exercise protocols significantly improve the static and dynamic range of motion of the subjects (P≤0.05). Also, the results indicated that dynamic flexion, static extension training protocol significantly led to better results than the other protocol (P≤0.05). Due to the better effect of dynamic flexion and static extension exercises on the range of motion of the elderlies, these exercises can be used to improve the flexibility of this population.

The purpose of this study was to identify the civil and criminal sentences of sports teachers and coaches in Kermanshah province.

Qualitative research method (data-foundation theory). The statistical population of the present study was justice experts, judges and school principals of Kermanshah province. Snowdrop sampling method was used. The research tool was an interview of 12 people. The validity of the research tool (interview) was confirmed by the interviewees and then the expert professors. To measure the reliability, the intra-subject agreement method was used, which according to this method, the reliability value was equal to 0.87. Datatheory theory was used to analyze the data.

The findings of this study showed that the factors affecting the civil and criminal responsibility of teachers and educators were classified into three main categories. Categories include: inappropriate equipment and environment, characteristics and behaviors of students, and agents of educators and teachers. These 3 items themselves include 6 concepts and 58 open source agents.

Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that in order to increase the legal awareness of coaches and teachers in Kermanshah province as a representative of sports coaches in the country, various fields and learning opportunities should be provided for them to be able to avoid the risks. Possibly stay safe.

Inactivity causes adverse changes in appearance, such as metabolic obesity, such as disturbance in the fat profile. Studies have shown that exercises and Garcin administration improve the conditions of metabolic factors related to overweight. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the combined prescription of resistance exercises and Garlic consumption on the concentration of lipoproteins, triglycerides and cholesterol in inactive overweight men. Forty healthy and inactive young men (18 to 35 years old) with a body mass index higher than 25 to 30 kg/m2 were randomly divided into 4 homogeneous groups: 1) exercise + garcin, 2) garcin, 3) resistance training and 4) Controls were divided. Garcin was prescribed in the form of 500 mg tablets for 8 weeks, two times a day (morning and night, after dinner) and the exercise protocol included weight training for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 30-60 minutes with an intensity of 70-80 The power percentage was maximum. Serum concentrations of HDL, LDL, TG, glucose and total cholesterol were measured before and after 8 weeks. For data analysis, one-way variance test and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used at a significant level (p0.05). Resistance training and garcin alone as well as combined administration caused a significant decrease in the concentration of LDL, TG and glucose and a significant increase in the concentration of HDL in the blood (P0.05). A significant difference was observed between the combined group (exercise and garcin) with the exercise group or the garcin group alone. So that the combined administration of these two led to better results (P0.05). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the simultaneous consumption of garlic and resistance training may have positive metabolic effects on the fat profile of overweight people. Also, the results of this research can be cautiously assumed to be effective in reducing cardiovascular diseases related to lipoprotein imbalance.

Maintaining control of the body's vertical posture is a complex task that requires the integration of visual, vestibular, and sensory-physical inputs of the whole body to evaluate the body's position in space and generate force for posture control. Posture control plays an important role in carrying out daily activities and movement independence of people, therefore identifying the factors affecting it is of great importance. Among these factors, we can mention balance exercises that can improve posture control. Since children with autism disorder due to developmental delay disorder or problems in the structure of the central nervous system as well as clinical characteristics have more disorders in corrective commands, as a result, they have more postural fluctuations than healthy children and are hardly able to maintain static balance. And they have more instability of position in comparison with the group of healthy children. Studies have shown that balance exercises improve the posture control of autistic children and it seems that the effect of balance exercises is applied through improving the conditions of the center of pressure (anterior-posterior axis, central-lateral axis and speed). The present study examines and presents a summary of the studies conducted in the field of the effects of balance training on the posture control of these children and the role of sensory-physical information in improving the balance status of the autism spectrum.

Based on the studies conducted in the field of human growth and development, the independent walking pattern of children is different from that of adults. Walking patterns are related to neuromuscular maturation and changes in walking patterns depend on age. Therefore, it is necessary for pediatricians to understand the characteristics and stages of normal or abnormal development of walking. Neuromotor control of development shows that early identification and intervention may accelerate the treatment of gait abnormalities and direct the pattern of growth and development in the right direction. The purpose of this study was to review the walking pattern of children and the role of selected movements in its development. In this review, by using internet resources available in Persian and English, related materials are collected and firstly, a summary of the theoretical foundations of the research is presented, and then the role of corrective movements on the walking pattern will be discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a session of high and low intensity exercise on changes in the concentration of peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) in overweight and normal weight inactive women. The current study is a type of applied research that was conducted using a semiexperimental method. Normal weight (body mass index between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2) and overweight (body mass index between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2) inactive women living in Ilam city constituted the statistical population. Ten women with inactive normal weight and 12 women with inactive overweight in the age range of 17-35 years constituted the research samples. High-intensity exercise protocol in the form of 5 sets of 4 minutes of cycling on a pedometer bicycle with an intensity of 90% of the maximum heart rate and low-intensity sports activity in the form of 40 minutes of continuous pedaling on a pedometer bicycle with an intensity of 50% of the maximum heart rate. was executed Blood samples were collected before, immediately and one hour after both exercise protocols to measure the concentration of PYY3-36. The results showed that plasma PYY3-36 concentration in both overweight and normal groups increased significantly immediately after highintensity sports activity compared to before and reached the baseline level one hour after the activity (pre test) return. Whereas, plasma PYY3-36 concentration did not change significantly after lowintensity exercise in both overweight and normal weight groups. Also, there was no significant difference between the effects of high and low intensity exercise on plasma PYY3-36 concentration in both overweight and normal weight groups. The results of this study showed the effect of exercise intensity on plasma PYY3-36 concentration, but body composition had no effect on the response of plasma PYY3-36 to exercise. These findings can be suitable for overweight and obese people who reduce their energy intake and appetite by performing high-intensity sports activities in order to achieve their goal of reducing body mass.

Sports performance requires optimal conditions of various variables that an athlete is learning throughout his sports career. Among the very important variables related to sports performance, we can mention strength, agility and speed, which mainly play a decisive role in anaerobic disciplines, and their strengthening and improvement is very important in the athlete's conclusion. The findings indicate different effects of different types of exercises on anaerobic variables including power and speed. So, the effects of these exercises depend on the intensity, duration and type of exercise. The purpose of this study is to review the effect of plyometric, strength and combined exercises on leg power, agility and speed of athletes based on the studies conducted in this field.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of selected exercises on the motor and social development of children. The current research was a semi-experimental type that was conducted in the field using experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the research includes all the third-grade students (10,500 people) of Ahvaz city, of which 40 people were randomly selected (staged cluster) and then randomly assigned to two experimental (n=20) and control (n=20) groups. Then the experimental group performed selected exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week and each session was 45 minutes. Gross motor development test (TGMD-2) by Ulrich (2002) was used to measure basic skills and also Vineland social development scale (1989) was used to measure social development. Independent and dependent t tests were used for data analysis at a significance level of p>0.05. The results obtained from the research showed that there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in the development of movement skills (p 0.001, 8.433), manipulation skills (p 0.001, 10.951) and in the development movement (p 0.001, 13.203). Also, the findings showed that there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in social development (p<0.022, 2.469). Based on tese results, it can be concluded that the selected exercises can be used as a suitable program to improve motor and social development of students in the elementary schools.