فصلنامه پژوهش های ارتباطی
پیاپی 113 (بهار 1402)

The purpose of the research is to identify the components of fake news on social media in Iran. Identifying fake news and misinformation on social media which causes a kind of semantic entanglement is important. In this qualitative research, data were collected in the field with semi-structured interviews. The statistic population consisted of experts and experts in the field of social communication, media and news, and the sampling method was purposeful, which is non-probability. to reach theoretical saturation 29 interviews were conducted and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA 10 software. With the method of theme analysis, 4 main themes and 36 organized themes along with basic themes were identified as propositions raised in the interviews. The most important organized themes were: in the difference between fake news and real information: the extent of news coverage, lack of constructive effect, being biased, simulated, creating psychological warfare and credibility of the source, in the similarity of fake news with real information: similar effectiveness, news value, style news and time stability, in the goals of spreading fake news: creating a social movement, deceiving the public mind, media tension, directing public opinion, hybrid atmosphere and spreading ambiguity, and in the consequences of consuming fake news: creating a sense of pessimism, discrediting government institutions, credibility Searching for celebrities, eliminating managerial elites, suggestibility, social desperation and hasty decision-making.

This historical account analyses the experience of media literacy policy-making in four countries. Germany and England have been selected as leading countries in the promotion of media literacy policies, while India and Jordan have been selected as countries similar to Iran. The results of this historical-comparative study show that policies of media literacy promotion in the two pioneering countries have reached the stage of universal media literacy education. Also, an audience in the media literacy promotion policies of the leading countries is considered not as passive but as active agents, and thereafter, the audience has seen as an efficient and responsible citizen. On the other hand, in the two abovementioned developing countries similar to Iran, policies of media literacy promotion have still remained in the paradigm of «cultural engineering» and «top-down» policy-making models. In the final part of this article, the concept of «cultural knowledge» is mentioned’; a certain form of collective knowledge, possible to obtained through improving media literacy of the Iranian citizens and continuous improvement of their socio-political awareness; The knowledge that its formation and accumulation requires moving beyond the protectionist media paradigm that dominates Iran’s media landscape for decades.

Despite the high quality of medical services and cheap prices, health tourism in Iran has not yet been able to gain its position in the market due to several factors, including the lack of proper use of media and communication tools. Of course, about the nature of health tourism, significant and relatively extensive researches have been done so far, but the issue of identifying the role of media in attracting health tourists has been neglected. In this research, which deals with the same issue, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts in the field of health and media. The data was collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (qualitative method). The main factors in this research were divided into 4 groups: message type, audience, communication channels, and the message transmitter based on the communication model. Classification and sub-components were presented with more explanation and based on current issues in the form of health tourism model. The results showed that the audience is the most important factor for the development of health tourism in the country, and after that, the factors of communication channels, message type and message transmitter are ranked third and fourth respectively.

The purpose of this research is to provide a model of media strategies for crisis management in sports complexes of Tehran Municipality. The research was conducted through a qualitative method, with a grounded theory approach of the Glazier type. The statistical population consists of two parts: human resources (teachers, municipal sports managers, sports complex managers) and information resources (books, articles, documents and media). The samples (22 people) were selected in sufficient number and by judgment method until reaching theoretical saturation. The research tool, including systematic library study and structured exploratory interviews, was prepared and its validity was evaluated and confirmed based on the legal and scientific validity of the sample, experts' opinion and agreement between the correctors. Based on the conceptual framework, three core codes were obtained for developing media strategies for crisis management in sports complexes of Tehran municipality: media strategies before the occurrence of a crisis, which have the categories of planning, networking, communication channel and education. Media strategies during a crisis that have psychological, communication and monitoring categories. and media strategies after the crisis, which is evaluation and foresight. Finally, based on the findings of the research, it can be concluded that crisis management media strategies is a systematic and multi-level process that has its own characteristics at each level and stage and is affected by interrelated factors.

The purpose of this research, relying on the phenomenological approach, is to analyze the lived experiences of environmental activists who produce content in this field on virtual social networks. The data obtained from the semi-structured interviews with 13 participants were analyzed using the 7-step Claesian method, and the results of the interviews led to the extraction of 7 main categories: environmental concern, environmental education, internalization of environmental values, environmental knowledge, environmental lifestyle, the use of virtual networks in the production of environmental content and the return effects of human intervention in the environment. Based on the obtained results, educating and observing the return effects of human intervention in nature leads to the acquisition of environmental knowledge by people, and when they have environmental knowledge, they can understand the necessity of acquiring knowledge and use it with the help of social institutions. to institutionalize The institutionalization of environmental values in people causes concerns that manifest in their lifestyles. In fact, a person who has knowledge and internalization environmental values, feels responsible for the environment and seeks to transfer his knowledge and values to others. In addition to working in real life, such people transfer their environmental knowledge by working and producing environmental content in virtual space.

The aim of the current research is to identify and rank the factors affecting the audience-oriented nature of the virtual space in the future research of the national media using the fuzzy hybrid method and the hierarchical analysis process. The statistical sample was selected based on the Delphi panel of 15 media experts. Based on the research findings, 16 factors have been identified. The ranking of these criteria using the process of hierarchical analysis showed that the criteria of credibility of the source of the message and the message itself, becoming a reference media in the field of information in cyberspace, avoiding biased views, and reducing strict regulations and audits, were ranked first to fourth in the field of content production in virtual space. Finally, criteria such as the maximum use of visual attractions, the possibility of more access to the archive of programs on national media sites, and the creation of radio and television podcasts were the least important.

The media, as one of the main pillars of awareness and culturing in today's societies, can be effective on the expectations of people in the society. Cinema is one of the most effective media that has a significant impact on shaping the general culture of the society and the mental frameworks of the people. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to determine the image of psychotherapy and mental health professionals in the last two decades of Iranian cinema. The research method was quantitative content analysis and the statistical population was movies of the eighties and nineties. The two main components for sample selection were having at least one character in the role of a mental health specialist or having a character with professional activity in this field, and face-to-face therapy sessions. In order to achieve the goal of the research, three questions were asked in three different sections and answered by examining 16 components. The results showed that the face drawn from psychotherapy is a male face, unique to psychiatry and psychology, and in most cases, Therapy is in individual format, and most of the clients were young women. The results indicate that the films do not pay attention to the principles of professional ethics in counseling and psychology. Thus, it can be concluded that the semblance presented by psychotherapy and mental health professionals is unprofessional and far from reality and can influence the cinema audience.