دو ماهنامه بررسی های بازرگانی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 118 (فروردین و اردیبهشت 1402)

The present study examine the impact of export diversity on income distribution. This study investigate the selected developing countries during 2013 to 2017. Export diversification index is used for measuring export diversity and gini coefficient is used for measuring income distribution. The model is estimated in panel data framework using feasible generalized least squares method. The results of the present study show that with increasing export diversity, gini coefficient decreases and income distribution improves. Also, per capita income, human capital, foreign direct investment and trade openness have a negative and significant effect on gini coefficient and the effect of industrialization on g gini coefficient is insignificant. According to the results, developing countries can improve income distribution by moving towards export diversification.

In economic, investment and trade dimensions, India has a dynamic and growing position in the international economy. With the formation of a trade cooperation agreement, especially a preferential trade agreement between Iran and India, significant non-economic, economic and trade benefits can be achieved. This study aims to provide answers to the questions of the state of bilateral trade between Iran and India, and in the past decade, have the changes in bilateral trade been due to the effect of diversion or the creation of trade? The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the development of bilateral trade between Iran and India. For this purpose, criteria such as “estimation of trade capacity” and “calculation of trade creation and diversion” for the development of bilateral trade during the period 2020-2010 have been assessed and evaluated. According to calculations, Iran’s export capacity to India is equivalent to $B21, which according to the current amount of exports, about 88.6% of this potential has not been realized. Also, 90% of these goods are intermediate and about 10% are consumer goods, which have average tariffs of 9.5% and 28.6%, respectively; It seems that the reduction of India’s tariffs within the framework of the preferential trade agreement could pave the way for an increase in Iran’s exports to India. Also, the results show that the increase in the share of bilateral trade between Iran and India was not in line with the development of Iranian trade, and the development and deepening of bilateral trade did not lead to the development of Iranian trade. The analysis of the results shows that the lack of development of bilateral trade is due to the trade structure of Iran, and at present the possibility of developing bilateral trade between Iran and India seems weak. Of course, by upgrading Iran’s economic-commercial structure, it will be possible to take advantage of bilateral trade and economic-commercial convergence.

Consumption of intended goods has become a pervasive social issue, and its impact on shaping customers' trust and attitudes continues to be debated by thinkers of consumer behaviors. The reception of goods similar to the original commodity is not limited to price subject or ostentatious consumption, but the intertwined network of behavioral and perceptual variables underlies it in a postmodern analytical framework. This study analyzes the roots of this issue and then empirically studies the effect of attitude functions from four perspectives, knowledge function, social-adjustive function, ego-defensive function, and social adjustment on consumers' purchase intention based on Katz's theory. The research method is quantitative, and the data collection tool in the survey is a questionnaire. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of 318 consumers who have consciously purchased fake products in Tehran. The article used hierarchical regression and structural equation modeling (SEM) in data analysis. Attitudinal functions have a negative and significant effect on counterfeit product evaluation, and the evaluation of consumers' purchases as a mediating variable affects the intention to purchase counterfeit products. There is no denying the fact that it is, in a way, shaping a new reality in consumer markets; therefore, brand managers can moderate its effects on their business to some extent by analyzing attitudinal functions and purchasing values.

Demonstrating social responsibility in companies' business activities is equally valuable for advancing social and business goals. The aim of this study was to present the model of corporate social responsibility in the field of green marketing from the perspective of consumers of organic products. The research is qualitative and the research method is based on data. The tool used to collect the data was an interview. The statistical population of the study included managers and experts of companies producing organic products with a social responsibility and green marketing approach. The theoretical method was used for sampling until the theoretical saturation was reached and finally 14 people were interviewed. Data analysis was performed through coding in three stages open, axial, and selective coding. From the results of data coding, 83 concepts, and 26 categories were identified. The research model according to the dimensions of the data-based approach, causal conditions (acceptance of social responsibilities, social culture, public acceptance of social activities, health orientation in business, and responsibility of community members), the main phenomenon (healthy production, environmental protection, implementation of social responsibility, environment-based marketing And social marketing), contextual conditions (business environment, customer's brand image, trust in organic brands and affiliation with organic brands), intervening factors (adherence to ethics, customer payments and value of organic products), strategies (respect for stakeholders' rights, Customer relationship management, green marketing development, social action transparency, and brand equity) and outcomes (improved green and organic purchasing, customer satisfaction, sustainable business development, and business success) were presented.

The oil industry is one of the key drivers in the economy of Iran and the world. Every year, many projects are defined and implemented in this industry. Without proper financing and the use of efficient financing methods, the success of this industry for the exploration, production, profitability and development of the value chain is impossible. The future of financing and its methods are completely changing under the influence of financial technology and new trends. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the drivers that affect the future of financing methods in the oil industry.

The present study is applied in terms of orientation and a quantitative multi method from a methodological point of view. In this study, two quantitative methods of Best-worst and Copras were used to analyze the data. The theoretical community consisted of managers and senior experts in the field of financing oil projects. The sample size in this study was 10 people and sampling was done by judgment. To collect research data, three questionnaires of expertise, pairwise comparison and prioritization were used.

At first, research drivers were extracted using analytical literature review. Twenty-five drivers were screened using Binominal test and eight drivers were selected for final prioritization due to a significance coefficient of less than 5%. The remaining drivers were prioritized using the Copras technique, taking into account the three indicators of severity, degree of certainty, and expertise. The best-worst method was used to weight the indices and the degree of certainty index (0.542) had the highest weight. Finally, Copras analysis showed that the drivers of investment risks in the country, the situation of the capital market in Iran and legal and sharia restrictions in the field of financing and investment, respectively, had the highest priority in terms of influencing the future of financing methods of the oil industry.

Research proposals were presented with respect to important drives. The most important suggestions of this study were: considering the nature of project risks to choose the appropriate financing method, improving the capital market for foreign investors, removing legal barriers and adjusting legal restrictions to encourage investment and project financing, supporting fintechs by traditional financial institutions and finally, the efforts of diplomacy stakeholders to resolve foreign sanctions and restrictions.

The sanctions imposed on the country’s oil industry in recent years, the problems facing the sale of crude oil and its products, and the decrease in market share and income from it at the regional and international levels have increased attention to the development of the export of oil products and derivatives. The current research aims to provide a model for the development of oil products export. This research is of a qualitative type, using the data approach of the systematic foundation and with the help of the hidden content analysis tactic, and to collect data with 14 experts of the country’s oil industry who participated in this study with a non-probability approach and the form of a snowball with a specific protocol. An in-depth interview was conducted. Data analysis was done in three stages open, central, and selective coding with the help of MaxQDA20 software and then the qualitative research model was designed. Based on the research findings, the main category is the development of the export of petroleum products. The causal conditions in this research were political factors, economic factors, unfavorable positions, and attention to the importance of the export development of petroleum products. Background conditions include infrastructural factors of product production, financial resources, business environment, organizational factors, and product quality. Intervening conditions also include government, marketing research, competitors, management knowledge, marketing system, technological factors, training, advertising, and administrative procedures. The strategies include abandoning the idea of selling crude oil, revising the strategies of the oil industry, reducing the government’s involvement in the export of petroleum products, making the decision-making structures of export development more agile, supporting the private sector, managing fuel consumption in the country, facilitating the government in the financing, and developing refineries. and petro-refineries through people’s capital, paying attention to new marketing methods, reducing export profits from the sale of crude oil, and finally, the consequences include reducing dependence on crude oil revenues, reducing the effects of sanctions, reducing dependence on global economies, increasing foreign exchange earnings, Creating higher added value, reducing the possibility of monitoring transactions, growing technology in the country, improving business relations with the region and increasing employment.

Blockchain-based smart business is a blockchain-based intelligent business system that identifies raw and unused data of companies in a systematic process, into valuable information to increase profitability in a competitive market, and among all members of a network. Will be shared The purpose of this paper is to analyze the antecedents and implications of blockchain-based smart business using a systematic background review approach. This research was conducted by qualitative method based on systematic and systematic background review. In the process of systematic review, 538 seafaring articles were identified from 2010 to 2021, and by carefully studying the text of English and Persian articles by university professors and experts, 33 articles were identified. Variable relationships in this systematic analysis based on causal, contextual, intervening, strategy and consequences factors, identification and Were categorized. In this study, blockchain-based smart business was identified as a central phenomenon and the most important causal factors, technology maturity, business soft technology, digital governance, digital marketing, digital entrepreneurial ecosystem, blockchain, process robotics, smart contract, Internet of Things Website quality, advanced data analysis were identified.