نشریه مطالعات خاورمیانه
سال سی‌ام شماره 1 (پیاپی 111، بهار 1402)

When Donald Trump retreated from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), US imposed economic sanctions on Iran for second time. As a result, exchange rate depreciated a lot and inflation rate soared. The impact of second sanction revealed itself in the form of low economic growth and decline of household welfare. The size and severity of a negative shock like sanction is not important per se but the policy reaction to such a shock determine its impact on the economy. Well-designed policy reaction can damp a shock whereas an improper policy act can exacerbate negative impacts of negative shocks. This paper describes policy reaction during 2018-2019 and shows that inappropriate fiscal and monetary policy- except for trade policy- contributed in low economic growth in these two years. In fact, there is not much difference in policy position of Iranian government during the first and the second sanction while both were ineffective.

The realization of the second cycle of hegemony in the modern world system created an exceptional formulation of the American hegemonic structure in the interstate system, the foundation of which was global systematic institutionalization. In this regard, the regulation of the structure and formulation of the regulations of the Bretton Woods system during the Second World War by the agents of the Roosevelt government put the United States in a position of undisputed dominance over the global capitalist economy. The necessity of the discussion comes from the fact that the gradual membership of different governments from the three layers of the world system in the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization are similar to the structural requirements of global politics and economy, the hegemonic control of the states. United over its member countries and increased its dominance over the communication and economic networks of the world. On the other hand, the major share of the United States in the production of the world economy strengthened the financial and commercial ties of this government with international institutions and allied and competing governments, and deepened the system and network relations of capitalism in the world system. increased. In this framework, the political economy of systemic sanctions with the aim of limiting and weakening any individual or group of actors in the inter-state system in order to impose the global hegemonic strategies of the United States has been very low-cost and effective. In this regard, it is necessary to raise two questions: First, what is the international role of the Bretton Woods system in imposing the hegemony of the United States? And how does the Bretton Woods system become a decisive and effective tool for global systematic sanctions through space-time compression?

International sanctions as a global and costly wars play almost the same role as bloody wars. In the meantime, America's multi-layered sanctions against Iran, in the form of the game of everything without Iran and maximum pressure against Iran, is a subject worth studying. Based on this, the main question of the current article is what is the mechanism of the American sanctions against Iran? How are they applied and what have been the consequences on the financial and banking system as well as on the economy and society of Iran? In order to answer this question, I have explained the American institutions and procedures by imposing sanctions against Iran, then I’ve w reviewed the history of the escalation of sanctions and finally come to the conclusion that sanctions divert attention from domestic capacities and domestic indicators of Good governance. In addition, sanctions have caused the Iranian society to bear unnecessary costs in terms of other structural variables, and Iran's issues have become more international.

The ongoing events in Iran, which often take the form of alternating crisis cycles, indicate the economic pressures caused by sanctions on the biopolitics of Iranian society. As in the past decade, we have periodically witnessed the emergence of economic problems and crises that have affected the political life of Iranians, without their effects and consequences being controlled and managed in the long term. Therefore, the decisive role of the economy in biological policies, regulations and interventions related to society on one hand and understanding the effect of economic sanctions on the quality of collective life and the attitude of Iranians to life on the other hand helps us to find out the effects of economic sanctions and its relationship with the evolution of the concept of life during the past periods. Therefore, the main question is, how do economic sanctions cause a change in the concept of life and daily life processes among Iranians? The argument put forward is that the conflict between the importance of life and community life in the light of the welfare and happiness of the society on the one hand and the official government policy of prioritizing non-economic issues on the other hand, is an obvious conflict in the understanding of the embargoed situation among politicians and citizens. has created. This research is practical in terms of methodology and with a qualitative-interpretive approach and using the framework of bio-politics theory, it examines the developments of the last decade in the political, economic and social spheres and the developments caused by economic sanctions to understand its dimensions precisely. Finally, it reveals the importance of the economic dimension of life to shape policies. The method of data collection in the current research is documents and the data collection tool is taking samples from authentic and scientifically valid sources.

Examining the upstream documents of economic policy in Iran after the revolution, such as the general policies of development programs and the resistance economy document, shows that in order to achieve high and stable economic growth, the strategy of economic externalization in the framework of comprehensive support and Targeting the export of goods and services, investment development through the attraction of foreign resources and capital, and the expansion of commercial cooperation are among the key axes of macroeconomic policy. At the same time, examining the indicators of Iran's economy during the years 1358 to 1398 in this area and comparing it with the developments of the world economy shows that Iran's economy during this period is an introverted economy. The main question in this article is why Iran's economy after the revolution is an inward-looking economy, contrary to the upper documents of economic policy? The hypothesis of this paper based on the historical institutionalism approach is that the manticore (complex and conflicting) nature of the state in its constructive idea, its structure and functions is the factor in the formation of an introverted economy. On this basis, the government in Iran after the revolution has been responsible for two categories of development and extra-territorial functions, and as a result of the predominance of extra-territorial functions over the development functions of the government, a wide range of sanctions against Iran Formed, the consequence of which is economic introversion.

Today, it seems that in the era of globalization, free trade has facilitated the free movement of all kinds of goods and technologies among the countries of the world, and all the people of the world can easily access all kinds of goods, services, and technologies wherever they are, but this is the case. It is the appearance of the case and this trend does not include all goods and technologies, for example, space technology is not easily exchanged among the countries of the world due to its dual and sensitive use, because according to the producing countries, its expansion and free movement in the world is an international security issue. Therefore, from the point of view of these countries, free trade in the era of globalization is sometimes in conflict with national and international security, for this reason, it must be carried out among the countries of the world in such a way that the security of the governments and people of the world is not disturbed. Therefore, by setting up export control regimes, the aforementioned governments try to manage free trade in such a way that all goods and technologies do not easily enter the flow of international trade interactions. In fact, export control regimes can be defined as a framework for regulating international trade and the transfer of sensitive, vital goods and dual-use technologies.

Western countries have taken the lever of human rights as a way to penetrate different countries in pursuit of their political goals and they constantly issue statements for the non-realization of human rights in different countries, including Iran, while actions and decisions They themselves are a clear manifestation of violation of human rights, which is the confirmation of this claim, the lack of medicine for cancer patients in Iran.Despite some statements and laws of the United Nations, today many world powers do not respect international principles and impose extremely cruel sanctions against other societies for their political and economic goals. A clear example is the sanctions imposed against Iran, which, due to their severity, the group of special and vulnerable cancer patients are affected earlier than any other group. This has led to very destructive physical and mental damage to the lives of cancer patients. Considering this, the main question of the article is what effects the sanctions imposed on Iran have had on the patients in recent years. Has the country had cancer? In response to the hypothesis of the article, it is emphasized that the economic sanctions against Iran have caused a shortage of imported drugs, lack of raw materials, lack of communication routes, especially by air for the transfer of drugs, currency effects caused by the sanctions on the price of drugs and the lives of patients have faced irreparable risks.

After the Second World War and the formulation and stabilization of the new system governing the international community, the movement towards the formation and development of international institutions and the exercise of power on their part to punish the countries that oppose or disturb the international order was felt more than ever. The United Nations was the result of this type of view and sanctions have been one of the tools of this organization. Relations between superpowers during the Cold War practically prevented the escalation and repetition of this tool, but in the post-Cold War era, sanctions were used repeatedly. Comprehensive sanctions that were applied in many cases and with such intensity that it affected not only the governments but also the people. This issue and especially the criteria of human rights, caused a new type of sanction to be considered. This new type of sanction is known as smart embargo. This research tries to investigate the formation, legal foundations, criteria and principles governing smart sanctions and explain the goals and analyze the feedback of this type of sanctions in the context of use. The importance of this study lies in the essential role of sanctions and especially smart sanctions in international actions and reactions, and its necessity is also due to the lack of researches related to the literature of smart sanctions in the Farsi language.