نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای اقتصادی
پیاپی 10 (زمستان 1401)

Planning for employment and development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas requires knowing the status of economic, social and business environment variables. By identification the labor market indicators of rural areas, it is possible to arrange the optimal options for economic development for these areas. The available evidence shows the imbalance of labor market in different rural areas of Ilam province.The purpose of this study was to evaluate and classify key labor market indicators in rural areas of Ilam province. Knowledge of the distribution of labor market development and the degree of development of these areas is a prerequisite for rural development plans and programs. The importance of leveling the labor market is that by knowing the bottlenecks and capabilities and levels of development of the regions, it is possible to show the level of the labor market of the rural areas in a region and provide programs to reduce the deprivation of those areas and provide suitable conditions for development. The research methodology was descriptive-analytical and the required data collection was done in documentary and library form. The data of 30 key economic indices of this province have been analyzed using TOPSIS and cluster analysis techniques. Negative indices were transformed into positive indices and the townships were ranked using TOPSIS ranking model. The level of development of townships in the province was classified by using cluster analysis technique in four levels and the result was shown using GIS software in map format. The results showed that Mehran was the most developed township and Dehloran was the most undeveloped township based on labor market indices of rural areas. The results showed that there was a large gap between the townships in the province. With the exception of Mehran, other townships of this province are not in a favorable position in terms of labor market indicators, indicating a lack of equitable distribution of job opportunities among townships of this province. The situation of Mehran city was suitable in terms of labor market indicators. Other cities of the province do not have an optimal situation in terms of labor market indicators, which indicates that the distribution of job opportunities among the cities is not the same. It is suggested that the inadequacy of labor market indicators in the cities of Dere Shahr, Ivan, Shirvan Cherdavel, Abdanan and Dehleran should be included in the agenda of the provincial planning council and the optimal and possible mechanisms to increase the allocation of employment credits for the rural areas of this township Be compiled.

The statistics of the World Tourism Organization show that tourism as an important economic sector is growing rapidly and has significant effects on individual and social development as well as the economic value hidden in the perspective of income and job development. Health tourism is one of the most important market segments of the tourism industry and is growing rapidly all over the world. In this regard, in the present research, the factors affecting the development of health tourism will be investigated with an emphasis on green marketing in Zanjan city. The current research is applied in terms of type and descriptive-analytical in nature. Qualitative data has been collected and analyzed using the interview tool and content analysis method with the foundation's data theory approach and using the opinions of elites, experts and activists of the tourism sector of Zanjan province and using the snowball sampling method. The research statistics include three groups of hotel managers (11 people), tour guides (27 people) and tourists (380 samples). Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test). The findings related to the market and marketing of tourism in Zanjan province show the unfavorable situation of this vital element in the tourism development of the province, and the results show that the tourism products of the province do not have the proper and favorable marketing power to attract tourists at the level of the capabilities of Zanjan province due to many reasons. One of the key criteria in the marketing of tourism products of the province is the financial criterion, as well as the brand reputation and its measurement is an effective component in evaluating the marketing performance in the tourism industry. In order to analyze and check the desirability of mixed marketing indicators, a sample T-Tech test has been used, based on this, the results of this test show that the lowest numerical average is related to the product index with an average of 2.30 and the evidence and physical facilities index with an average of 2.30 and the highest average is related to The price index has an average of 2.62 and the people and employees have an average of 2.54. Also, the numerical average of marketing is equal to 2.43.

Guilds have played a key role in the country's economic cycle, and their activities are vital to the added value of industry and mining. The importance of guilds as small and medium enterprises in creating employment, creating added value and improving the distribution system of goods and services in the country is significant and therefore it seems necessary to organize and provide appropriate solutions. Therefore, in this research, the strategies for organizing guilds in Ardabil province have been studied and these strategies have been ranked according to the degree of importance. For this purpose, a sample of 384 experts, members and experts in the field of guilds was selected by simple random sampling method and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by experts in this field and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.83). According to the research results, at a significant level of 5%, macroeconomic factors and business environment in the country have a significant effect on the organization of guilds in Ardabil province. Also, at a significance level of 5%, there can be a positive and significant impact on the specific factors of the province (such as accelerating the issuance of activity licenses and business licenses in the province, granting tax incentives and discounts for trades and occupations, increasing the expertise and skills of manpower through guild training in the province). Supervised the activities of guilds and fines of unlicensed guilds in the province and the cooperation and participation of other bodies (including municipalities, inspection organization, etc. with the Mining Industry and Trade Organization) on the organization of guilds in Ardabil province. In addition, in order to determine the importance of existing strategies for organizing guilds in Ardabil province, Friedman test is used and the uniformity of the average effect of guilds organizing strategies in Ardabil province is rejected at a 95% confidence level. Therefore, it can be said that in terms of importance and effectiveness, there is a significant difference between the impacts of guild organizing strategies in Ardabil province.

Sustainable smart city as the result of two concepts of smart city and sustainable urban development is the dominant approach in urban management of the third millennium. Considering the importance of the topic in this article, an effort has been made to provide a model for a smart city based on sustainable urban development in the country. This research is based on interpretative paradigm. Also, in terms of the purpose of this research, it is an applied-developmental research, and from the point of view of the method of data collection, it is a descriptive research with survey-cross-sectional method. The statistical population of the research includes academic experts as well as executive managers of urban management and planning, urban geography, communication and information technology. Sampling was done by targeted method and theoretical saturation was achieved with 10 people. The underlying categories of the sustainable smart city model were identified by the qualitative analysis method, and the relationships between the underlying categories of the sustainable smart city model were determined by the structural-interpretive method. Thematic qualitative analysis was performed using MaxQDA 20 software and structural-interpretive modeling calculations were performed with MicMac software. The findings of the research showed that smart urban infrastructure and smart governance are the two basic elements of the model that have the greatest impact in creating a smart city based on sustainable development. In the same way, the amount of influence on the next levels is reduced and the variables of the same level, that is, have mutual interaction with each other. These factors contribute to the smart economy and smart environment by influencing the smartness of transportation and smart business based on technology. In the future, sustainable urban development can be achieved through smart structures and smart modems, and finally, this sustainable urban development can lead to the smartening of the city.It is suggested to the relevant managers to achieve the goals of the smart metropolis by creating an unbreakable link between ecology, economy and social security and reducing environmental and ecological problems. One of the important and influential factors in the formation of a smart city is increasing productivity and employment and fair distribution of services among the public. This important causes the satisfaction of the citizens. Also, citizens with awareness and satisfaction help in optimizing the consumption of electricity, water and energy. Another influential pillar in the smart city is the smartness in hospitals and healthcare in general, which prevents problems related to human health.

One of the important factors in the economic growth and development of the country is to identify the development capacity of the border cities of the country, so that the development of these cities affects not only the economic development of the country but also the national security of the country. A detailed understanding of the drivers of the value-added creation of these cities causes the economic growth of this city, and their growth causes the economic development of the country.The purpose of this research is to evaluate the drivers of economic prosperity among the cities of the border provinces of Iran (16 provinces and 262 cities). This research has been obtained in terms of practical purpose and in terms of the method of data collection in the form of library and documents and its data through questionnaires and the website of the Statistical Center of Iran. First, by distributing a questionnaire among experts and economic experts, the value-added importance of four major economic sectors (agriculture, industry, mining and services) has been determined using the hierarchical analysis method. The results show that the service sector ranks first with 0.352, the industry with Obtaining a coefficient of 0.295 ranks second, the mining sector ranks third with a coefficient of 0.206, and the agricultural sector ranks fourth with a coefficient of 0.147 in terms of the importance of creating added value growth. Then, according to the seven-step TOPSIS method, the leading cities in prosperity Economic indicators have been identified. The results show that Asalouye city is ranked first with a coefficient of 0.476816849, Ahvaz city is ranked second with a coefficient of 0.3955.3652, and Tabriz city is ranked third with a coefficient of 0.03812436. Obtaining a coefficient of 0.00000319812 is ranked 260, Beshagard city is ranked 261st with a coefficient of 0.00000223613 and Abu Musi city is ranked 262nd with a coefficient of 0.00000373277. Therefore, economic policy makers should allocate budget credits, bank facilities, and technical and credit assistance for the development of service and industry sector in the leading cities for economic prosperity in the border cities of the country.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of renewable energy consumption, trade policy, economic growth and biological capacity on ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in Iran in the period 1986 to 2021. For this purpose, in this study, the autoregressive model with wide distribution interval (ARDL) has been used to obtain long-term and short-term dynamic coefficients. The Toda-Yamamoto causality test was also used to examine the causal path The Cholesky analysis test for innovative accounting has been used to validate the estimated models. The results show that in the long run, there is a positive relationship between the biological capacity variable and the ecological footprint, but it is not statistically significant. However, there is a positive and significant relationship between trade policy variables and GDP with ecological footprint, so that in the long run, with a one percent increase in these variables, the amount of ecological footprint increases by 64.9% and 80.7%, respectively (applying pressure Upward - negative effect on environmental quality), On the other hand, there is a negative and significant relationship between the variable of renewable energy consumption and ecological footprint and increasing one percent of this variable in the long run leads to a decrease in the amount of ecological footprint by 33.9% (applying downward pressure - a positive effect on Environmental quality). The error correction coefficient obtained in this model shows that in each period, 47% of the imbalance resulting from the occurrence of shock and deviation of the short-term model from the long-term trend is adjusted and returns to its long-term trend. There is a two-way causal relationship between trade policy and the ecological footprint. Also, one-way causality from trade policy to GDP is confirmed. The results of Cholesky analysis show that the innovative shocks generated in the variables for the next 10 periods, thus affecting the ecological footprint, so that in the second period the largest share of impact compared to other variables is related to renewable energy by 3.5% But over time and at the end of the tenth period, the largest share of impact is related to GDP of 19.60%, commercial policy of 9.54%, renewable energy consumption of 7.76% and bio-capacity of 1.28%, respectively. Therefore, country-specific energy policies that increase the share of renewable energy in the energy portfolio are recommended.