نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 11 (پاییز 1401)

Today, many of the contradictions in the issue of resilience in the field of crisis management arise from the differences in conceptual recognition, methodology, design of indicators to measure and provide a model for its evaluation, which results in confusion in resilience studies. The purpose of this article; Specifically, after examining the models of social resilience in dealing with the consequences of disasters, the study and evaluation of social resilience in the face of environmental hazards in Hamedan city is by using the selected method of "Total average deviation from the optimal indicators", in other words In this research, the indicators of social resilience of the selection method in the four regions of Hamedan city are investigated and after determining their final number; The numerical ratio of that index to the optimal limit (IIF) is estimated; By summing up the distances obtained for each index from the optimal value (IIFs), it is possible to calculate the distance of social resilience from the optimal level of each of Hamedan city's regions in the form of DSF secondary factor. The number of DSFs of its four regions is calculated in the form of the final factor of social resilience of URF, with the estimation of URF and, on the other hand, the determination of the assessment levels; The level of social resilience of the studied city is determined from the levels of "resilient, relatively resilient, prone to crisis, crisis-causing and critical". Finally, the quantitative level of social resilience of Hamedan city (URF) after examining the relevant indicators and determining Their percentage, as well as the measurement of the percentage of resilience in each index (IIF) and the amount of social resilience of each region (DSF) were estimated to be equal to 1.01825, which according to the levels of the base measurement, the obtained results indicate the resilience of Hamedan city in It is a social field.

The development of pressurized irrigation with the goal of boosting irrigation productivity and efficiency is one of the measures to improve water management in the context of climate change. These projects have problems with the implementation process, which can be identified and resolved to improve the project's performance. In this regard, the current research aimed to discover solutions for improving the implementation of pressured irrigation projects in the province of Qazvin. The study's statistical population included all farmers who installed a pressurized irrigation system in their farms between 2015 and the end of 2018 (N = 477). According to the Krejcie and Morgan sampling table, the sample size was determind to be equal to 214 farmers (n = 214). A stratified proportionate sampling method was used to choose the number of farmers in each category (county), and a simple random sample method was used to select the farmers who were interviewed. The reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α =0.74), and the content validity was established using expert judgment. In the primary analysis, the KMO statistic was 0.829, and the Bartlett test were significant at the 1% level, indicating that the data were appropriate for factor analysis. According to the findings, the economic-supportive solution explained the most (17.16 percent) of the overall variance. In addition, measures to reduce administrative complexity (11.43 percent), extension-education programs (10.94 percent), monitoring-institutional initiatives (10.84 percent), and infrastructure-executive measures (9.77 percent) all played a role in explaining the overall variance in farmers' perceptions of improving the implementation of pressurized irrigation schemes.

Urban parks are among the environments that directly affect the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, the improvement of the quality of these spaces can become the basis for the satisfaction of the citizens and, as a result, their more use of these urban spaces. Basically, the present study has attempted to evaluate citizens' satisfaction with Kuhestan Park in Kermanshah. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary studies and field survey. The quality indicators of urban parks have been extracted from reliable domestic and foreign sources and have been questioned by the users of Kuhestan Park with the help of a questionnaire. The statistical population includes people who used Kuhestan Park and a random sample was selected from among them. The sample size is 200 people, which is more than 4 times the number of indicators (47 indicators). After completing the questionnaires, the data were entered into SPSS software and evaluated with the help of exploratory factor analysis model. In the following, the output of the factor analysis model was entered into the Smart PLS software, and based on structural equation analysis, the weight of various environmental quality factors on user satisfaction was calculated. According to the findings, the quality of Kuhestan Park in Kermanshah city is affected by ten factors including "spatial structure", "inclusiveness", "furniture", "variety of activities", "psychological comfort", "service infrastructure", "welfare facilities", "Environmental Ecosystem", "Elements of Identity" and "Accessibility"; among which three factors "Psychological Comfort", "Furniture" and "Spatial Structure" played the greatest role in citizens' satisfaction with this park. Also, indicators such as safety, security, furniture and nuisance from other users are considered as priority indicators for improving the park, and related suggestions are presented at the end of the article.

Mashhad is one of the cities in the country that has been formed on the seismic zones of the country, which also has dysfunctional textures. To solve the problem of inefficiency in this context, a program called Urban Rehabilitation Program in the central area of Mashhad has been developed. In this article, the intention is to evaluate the urban regeneration program in the central part of Mashhad from the perspective of earthquake vulnerability and to make suggestions to solve its problems. To achieve this goal, considering the existing conditions and available resources, the RADIUS model was selected for this evaluation. This model is used to calculate the distribution of seismic intensity, damage to buildings, number of casualties, and damage to pipelines and facilities and is suitable for the purpose of assessing vulnerability within a city. According to the results obtained from the implementation of the RADIUS model, the death toll will be equal to 2944 people with minor injuries, 1052 people with severe injuries and 295 people killed. The casualties were caused by damage to 140 buildings. Most of the damage will be on the main streets leading to the shrine. In this regard, measures were proposed to reduce this amount of losses and damages, the most important of which are providing financial facilities to residents to strengthen homes and stay in the area, reduce construction and population density, use the views of residents, employees and pilgrims to increase readability and recognition Different groups of pilgrims and their common and different needs are suitable for post-earthquake relief.

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in research from ‘top-down’ directives to ‘bottomup’ planning. Thus, there has been a change from imposing strategies to a participatory approach by indigenous people. This study uses the participatory approach to flood disaster management in sijan village and its environs. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to understand the perception of communities towards floods hazards; and second, to probe how communities respond to flood hazards and how this knowledge can be used in the planning and management of future disasters. In order to achieve these objectives, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), interviews and observation were used as data collection techniques. The study found that there was consensus among the participants that flooding is a natural process, but human activities enhance the risks of flooding. Human activities that were found to be the causes of flood included clearance of vegetation, cultivation in steep slope areas, the effect of relief, poor designs and maintenance of drainage system and settlement in inadequate areas. The study found that local communities did not cope when there was flooding. However, they suggested strategies that should be used to cope with future flood hazards. the study showed that village people proposed strategies to be used to cope with flood hazards in the future. Among these factors, the approach of coordination and alignment of opinions, identification of flood risk dimensions, learning and acquiring valuable experiences, institutional analysis of governance in crisis situations, participatory analysis in explaining the trend of normal and abnormal structures caused by floods, can be used to prevent the occurrence of crisis in the region.

The oak forest environment of Chegni county has been neglected by the people and officials for many years and the area covered by these forests has decreased due to various reasons such as fire, cutting down trees by local communities (charcoal production) and drought and other natural factors. This study was conducted to evaluate and analyze the factors affecting the destruction of oak forests in Chegni county of Lorestan province; The descriptive-analytical method used is based on library resources and a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population studied; Experts are the subject of study and AMOS software has been used to analyze the measurement model (relationship between indicators and latent variables) and structural model (relationship between latent variables), the results showed; Environmental factors (drought and climate change, lack of groundwater resources, fires, etc.), management (lack of adequate supervision over the change of use of forest lands by the natives, lack of firefighting facilities in the event of fire, lack of decisive action against violators and ...), social and economic (the level of awareness of the role and importance of natural resources and forests, overgrazing, literacy of indigenous communities, livelihoods of indigenous communities, etc.) directly affect the destruction of oak forests in Chegni county. Also, the results of evaluation and measurement criteria of the measurement model, structural and overall fit of the model in the quantitative part of the research indicate the fact that the effective components in the measurement model of environmental, social, economic and managerial dimensions have a strong fit.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of political economy of oil on the income structure of the municipality of Tehran. In order to achieve the research objective, deductive strategy based on quantitative method was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and scientifi c -executive elites corresponding to the title of the research, and using systematic sampling method based on sampling logic, 50 people were selected for the sample. The research indicators were categorized into 4 groups (political economy of oil, political economy of space, spatial developments of city and municipality’s income). As an effect and dependent variable, the urban space structure of Tehran is influenced by independent variables such as political economy of oil, political economy of space and urban income. Smart PLS was used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that among the items explaining the political economy of oil, the items including growth and capital accumulation as well as rent seeking had maximum realization. Also, dominant production method and globalization and economic restructuring were the main priorities in the political economy of space. Among the influential components related to urban income, except for lack of consistency of duties and responsibilities of municipality with financing resources which had minimal realization, other components such as sustainable incomes, taxes and local duties, state assistance share, access to resources of private sector and financial and capital markets, and reform of laws resulting in sustainable income for municipality had the highest impact and effect which should be paid more attention in redefining the income sources for Municipality of Tehran.

In recent years, the increase in the population of cities and their subsequent expansion has led urban planners and managers to seek solutions for optimal management of these conditions. Smart urban growth strategy as a new model of urban development from the perspective of futures studies to control urban sprawl and increase the sustainability of cities in different dimensions is of particular importance. The purpose of this paper is structural analysis of smart urban growth with futures studies approach in the city of Aligudarz. This research is applied in terms of purpose, and analytical and exploratory in terms of nature . In this study, different aspects of smart urban growth were analyzed. In MickMac output, a variety of binary, independent, regulatory, influential and affected variables were identified. The results showed that the total numerical value of one was 682 relationships of poor impact type, numerical value of 2 was 1439 relationships of moderate impact type and finally numerical value of 3 was 653 relationships of strong impact type. Also, variables such as smart and innovative decision making in organizations and institutions, sustainable employment and updating and optimizing urban infrastructure had direct influence on smart urban growth.

Land use planning is the regulation of the relationship between human beings, land and activity in order to make appropriate and sustainable use of all facilities. Due to the lack of a comprehensive use planning in Iran, especially in the Zagros region, the destruction of natural resources and habitats in the region and the poor living conditions, it is necessary to address this issue. In this research, spatial evaluation method has been used in combination with decision making techniques. For this purpose, 31 criteria in both ecological and socio -economic sectors have been used to measure and evaluate the capability of the Zagros region. First, using 20 criteria, ecological capability was assessed and its index was obtained, and then, using 11 criteria, the socio -economic development index was calculated, and by combination of these two indicators, the final development index was extracted. Based on the final evaluation results and criteria used in this process, about 59% of the total area is constrained. 2.72% of the region has a very good potential for industrial development and about 5.55% has a good potential. This means that in total about 8.5% of the area of the study area has a suitable and very suitable capacity for development. The socio -economic development index is defined based on 11 economic and social criteria, which are calculated separately for each province and then finalized in combination with the ecological capability index. The results of this index show that Kermanshah province has the highest power (0.52) and Kurdistan province has the lowest power (0.20).

Adapting to weather fluctuations is one of the most suitable strategies to reduce vulnerability from climate change. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the limits of adaptation of rural communities to climate change in Golestan province. The study population consisted of 1158 households in 10 villages located in the mountainous area of the Oghan watershed, of which 290 people were investigated by random classification method. The required information was collected with a questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS21 software. The results showed that the amount of limitation in adapting to climate change was moderate and the highest and lowest limitations were related to "economic" and "physical" aspects, respectively. The limitation of adapting to climate change was among single people and also less people who were members of cooperatives and organizations and used promoters and facilitators. At the same time, people with university education and those who did not attend training courses faced more restrictions to adapt to climate change. Increasing local people's access to promoters and facilitators, using educational and promotional programs, membership in cooperatives and organizations, as well as setting up small rural credit funds are some of the suggestions of this research to reduce the limitations of compatibility with It is climate change.

Iran's rangelands face a critical state of degradation, posing threats of vegetation loss and soil erosion unless restorative measures are promptly taken. The dependence of numerous households on these pastures underscores the urgency of involving beneficiaries in rangeland restoration as a sustainable approach to natural resource management. This study investigates the impact of socioeconomic factors on the success of Rangeland Management Plans within the Baharkish Watershed, Quchan County, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Field surveys and questionnaire-based inquiries provided research data, analyzed using SPSS software and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method to assess socio-economic influences on rangeland management plans. Findings indicate that the implementation of these plans has diminished conflicts and discrepancies among villagers, promoting a sense of social security. Furthermore, the pastoralist community views plan implementation as fostering increased awareness, strengthening local institutions, and encouraging participation in village affairs. However, the pastoralists do not attribute reduced livestock to rangeland management plans, indicating an absence of social conflicts in this context. Additionally, while the plans have stimulated regional development according to economic perspectives, they have not notably influenced investment growth in auxiliary projects, notably in education and healthcare sectors. Despite this, the plans have positively impacted the economic aspect by augmenting rangeland prices, facilitating growth, and initiating restoration efforts. In summary, the implementation of Rangeland Management Plans has alleviated social tensions, boosted regional development, and shown positive economic impacts on rangeland growth and restoration. However, further exploration is needed to understand limitations in auxiliary investment growth and the potential impact on pastoralists' job satisfaction.