نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 14 (تابستان 1402)

Today, urban management has evolved, and cities are being managed for the greater well-being of citizens. Urban management plays an important role in the success of urban development plans and projects. This issue is especially important in relation to sustainable development. In this regard, cities are considered as tourist destinations due to their natural, historical and other attractions, which have positive and negative economic and social effects, and ... follows, to create a balance in this area, it is necessary to provide management requirements for tourism development to provide a basis for the sustainability of the city. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to explain the management requirements for tourism development and its role in the sustainability of the city of Hamedan. The present research is fundamental, applied and has an interpretive and analytical nature and in terms of method, is in the group of qualitative and quantitative research. For data analysis, Grand Theory and Models (FBMW), Combined Model (FSORA, FCOPRAS), and Expert Choice software were used. The results in the qualitative part of the research showed that the requirements (integrated tourism management, promotion of decentralized approach (bottom to top), use of specialized forces, formulation of a specific legal framework, change of management view in the field of tourism, model design Compatible with the tourism environment of Hamedan), was suggested by experts, and among the requirements, the promotion of a decentralized approach (top-down) with a weight of 0.190, has the highest rank. Furthermore, in the quantitative part of the results of correlation test for the relationship between the two variables (management requirements and sustainability of Hamedan), showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between these two variables, and among the dimensions of stability studied, the economic dimension with the amount 71.11, social with a weight of 70.87, physical and environmental with a weight of 70.45, respectively, have the highest and lowest impact of the management requirements of tourism development.

In recent years, resilience has become a fixed concept in the analysis of dynamic systems. Also, this concept is widely used in dynamic spatial systems such as cities. Due to the fact that the urban areas located along the rivers have always been under the threat of flooding; Therefore, this article aims to investigate the resilience of districts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality located on the river course against floods. The current article is of an exploratory type, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, to collect information from the library and survey method using a questionnaire, and to measure the resilience of selected localities, the factor analysis technique and the T-Test statistical test were performed using the SPSS software. The research findings show that the highest average value of 3.59 is related to the economic dimension and the lowest average value of 3.20 is related to the physical dimension. At the same time, the overall average level of resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality is 3.39, a number lower than the theoretical average (4); Also, the findings of the research indicate that from the combination of 46 variables, ten factors have been identified, which explains 70.15% of the variance of the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality. Among these ten extracted factors, the economic and financial factor is the most important, and the first factor, with a specific value of 8.65 has been able to explain 18.81% of the research variance alone. Finally, the result of the present article shows that the physical dimension is very important in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality; Because six of the ten factors: planning and preparation, recovery and self-organization, compliance with principles and laws, critical infrastructure, fortifications and vulnerability, and access to open and safe spaces and centers related to crisis management, are physical. These six factors together explain and interpret nearly half (49.60%) of all the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality.

The rapid growth of urbanization during the last four decades has caused the physical-physical space of the cities to expand and destroy their surrounding lands, which are often high-quality agricultural lands and gardens, and put them in their fabric and body. Although the city and urbanization itself are considered one of the most important indicators of welfare and social and economic development, its rapid growth can reduce the per capita enjoyment of many social and economic facilities, and in this way, its consequences in the form of a decrease in the level of quality life in different urban arenas. Considering that it is necessary to evaluate the process of urban expansion and to be aware of the patterns of land use changes and to apply its results in the future planning of the city, therefore, it requires a fundamental evaluation in this field, which has been attempted in this research. This can be done. And according to the purpose of the research, the statistical population evaluated by us is the heads of households living in the Nanle area of Sanandaj city. The data collection method in this research includes the library method and the cross-sectional survey method to extract the mentioned indicators from the Spss software of Vicor technique. And the Holsat model has been used. The results obtained from the final table of Vicor technique revealed that the economic components include job opportunities for all classes of society with a score of 0.916 as the most important influential component in raising the quality of life. and also the results of the Holsat model show that except in the environmental sector where the majority of the factors are hindering the improvement of the quality of life of citizens, in other sectors the majority of factors are the factors of the development of the quality of life of the citizens

Today, the importance of the Cityscape and City Image on the one hand and the developments of the last few decades in the materials and the variety of styles and the speed of construction on the other hand, have made it more necessary to pay attention to the facade and the organization of urban facades among contemporary architects and urban planners. Considering the tendency of citizens towards neoclassical style and the prevalence of so-called Roman facades in metropolises, especially Tehran metropolis, the current research aims to evaluate such facades and examines their impact on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image in Niavaran neighborhood of Tehran. This research, which is an applied research, based on library studies, observation and field observations, was prepared by a survey method. The analyzed indicators in two objective and subjective dimensions and functional, perceptual and visual components have been provided to the statistical sample in the form of questionnaires. The data analysis shows the impact of the research indicators on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image. This effectiveness in the objective dimension is much higher than the subjective dimension, so that the average ranking of the indicators of the objective dimension, except for the safety index (2.91), have all obtained values higher than (3). However, among the indices of the mental dimension, this value fluctuates between the numbers (3.2) and (3.6), and only the "balance and symmetry" index with an average rating of (4.3) has the highest score have given. The results of this research show that the view and appearance of the residents of the neighborhood and observing citizens have a greater impact on the quality of the Cityscape and City Image than what they conjure up in their minds. Therefore, paying attention to lighting, decorations, color, form and complexity of the facade is in the priority of their importance, and the indicators of identity and meaning, balance and symmetry, understanding of composition and harmony of the facade are placed in the last ranks of importance. But what seems essential in improving the quality of the Cityscape and City Image in Niavaran neighborhood is the need to simultaneously emphasize the functional, perceptual and visual components.

With the passage of time and lack of proper attention and maintenance, the old and worn-out fabric of the country's cities has suffered physical and functional wear and tear. Like these cities, Rasht has an old texture. This city is facing problems such as uneven road network width, severe wear and tear of residential buildings, small and very small parts. In this regard, the aim of the present research is to investigate the role of public participation in the renovation of the dilapidated fabric of Rasht city. It is a descriptive-analytical research method that uses documentary-library and field methods to collect information. The data collection tools of this research are questionnaires, interviews, observations, and field studies. The results obtained from the research showed that the examination of the value of usefulness (s) and the value of dissatisfaction (R) in the research indicators for area 2 of Rasht city (with the value of usefulness 0.389) shows that this area having the lowest The distance from the ideal point and with a value of 0.177, the lowest amount of regret (dissatisfaction) compared to other regions in the field of public participation, has assigned a high rank to improve the indicators of public participation in the direction of renovating worn-out structures.

Rural development is a part of development programs in every country, which is used to transform the structure of rural society and can be considered an important factor in improving the living conditions of people, especially the low-income group in the village and their self-sufficiency. Considering the importance of the topic of this research, with the aim of identifying and analyzing the factors that prevent rural development, it seeks to provide appropriate solutions in the field of achieving rural development. The statistical population of the research is all the rural settlements of Khalkhal city (150 villages) located in the three sections of Khoresh Rostam, Shahroud and Markazi, which have been fully enumerated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and with the help of a questionnaire, information was collected in five environmental-ecological, social-cultural, economic, physical-spatial and meditative-institutional dimensions and analyzed with the help of SWOT method. The results showed that 34 factors inhibiting rural development were identified in the villages of Khalkhal city, and these factors were leveled based on the degree of importance and the results showed that 6 factors were at level one, 5 factors were at level two, 7 factors were at level three and 16 The factor is at the level of four importance. According to the important factors and with the help of a quantitative strategic planning matrix, factors such as: accurate identification of tourism resources, prevention of migrant workers, reduction of unemployment and especially seasonal unemployment at the city level are among the most important factors that focus on and efforts To fade or fade them, it accelerates the possibility of achieving rural development in the study area.

The expansion of consumerism has led to a change in the lifestyle of rural communities. One of the most important concerns in rural communities is the issue of the villagers' strong tendency towards consumerism in contrast to their nature of productionism. It also seems that the body of rural housing has undergone changes under the influence of rural consumerism. The present study intends to explain the impact of the expansion of consumerism on the housing pattern of rural areas in Kojoor by examining the relationship between the phenomenon of consumerism and the physical development of housing in rural areas of Kojoor. This research is descriptive-correlational in nature. The method of data collection was documentary and field through the distribution of questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software. After examining the normality of the data through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, using Pearson correlation coefficient, the relationship between consumerism indicators (social and economic dimension) and physical development indicators of rural housing in Kojoor was examined. The results of the study showed that in total there is a correlation with a value of 0.874 between the two variables and this indicates the great impact of the effects of consumerism on the physical development of housing in the sample villages of Kojoor. Then, by examining the relationship between each of the two variables, the highest correlation was related to the relationship between "Pleasure and satisfaction" and the index "Quality of construction of rural housing" with Pearson statistic 0.923 and the lowest correlation is related to the relationship between "Diversity demand" index and "rural housing resilience" index with Pearson statistic is 0.439. As a result, there is a direct and relatively strong correlation between all indicators of consumerism and physical developments of rural housing.

The Tissues of the city is considered one of the elements of the urban form effective on the occurrence of theft crimes. Therefore, the current research seeks to investigate the effect of urban context on spatial-temporal patterns of robbery crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, Geoda and ArcGIS software and spatial-statistical models such as Moran's spatial autocorrelation and spatial-temporal cube model were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine fabrics. In fact, uses with an area of 50-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of urban context classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43% of the thefts occurred in peripheral contexts (marginal areas of Mashhad city, areas 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of area 13). Also, 19/2% of crimes are in checkered patterns (localities located in the west of Mashhad), 14/6% in star patterns (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi) and 5/7% in middle patterns (area 1 and parts of the region 2) has taken place. Investigating the spatial-temporal cube patterns of theft crimes in Mashhad city showed that in the peripheral contexts the pattern of theft crimes is of the type of new and scattered hot spots, which indicates the intensity of theft crimes in these areas, but in the checkered contexts, the pattern of crimes is of the type of cold spots is an increase that shows that theft crimes in these areas are increasing in recent years.

Extreme weather events cause serious problems in the normal course of human life due to their scope and time span. Heavy snowfall in the Guilan coastal plain is one of the most dangerous phenomena. In this research, three heavy snows in Guilan province during the statistical period of 1998 to 2018 (20 years) have been analyzed synoptically and satellite. For this purpose, snowfall data were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of Guilan Province, data used for synoptic maps from the NOAA site (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 1) and satellite images from the Modis sensor site. Then, with the environmental to circulation approach, the synoptic systems were identified according to the origin of formation from a few days before to the day of snowfall. The results showed that three heavy snowfalls were caused by the coordinated expansion of two Siberian dynamic and thermal anticyclone and European anticyclone, bipolar blocking and European high pressure. Also, the study of the snow area by using the Terra satellite Modis images showed that three heavy snowfalls cover more than 70% of the province's area. Therefore, heavy snowfalls in 2005, 2008 and 2017 covered 70.94, 90.44 and 81.46 percent of Guilan province, respectively.

Today, road accidents are one of the most important problems in the world and the cause of premature death of people in society. Many factors play a role in road accidents. The conducted studies show the strong and significant role of climatic factors, especially frost and slippery roads, in the occurrence of road accidents, among the regions of Iran, the western region shows a high number of vehicle overturning and sliding statistics, the reason for this can be the characteristics of climate and the number of days with frost in this region. Therefore, according to its importance, in this study, with the aim of knowing the relationship between the risk of frost and the possibility of road accidents in urban areas, the climatic information during a 10-year statistical period and the coefficient of the importance of the condition of frost and its number of days according to the frequency The probability of the occurrence of extra-urban accidents in the cities of Hamadan region located in the west of Iran was studied and in this regard two correlation models and artificial neural network were used. The results of this research, while presenting the zoning of the beginning and end of frost and its duration in the six cold months of the year, showed that there is a significant correlation between the number of accidents outside the city and the number of frosty days on the mountain roads of the province, such that Asadabad city (with a long frost period) It has the highest correlation value (0.67). And the regions with less ice age have the lowest correlation value. The results of the neural network showed a better output of estimating and predicting the used variables, so that the coefficient of determination of the model has correctly predicted up to (0.508). Research results in environmental and transportation planning can be useful.

Floods are one of the natural hazards that in some cases lead to destructive phenomena and leave terrible social, economic and health effects. Meanwhile, rural communities are more vulnerable due to climate change-dependent livelihoods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of floods on sustainable livelihoods of rural households in Abestan rural area in Khorramabad Township. The statistical population of this study includes all heads of rural households living in the villages of Abestan rural area, which according to the statistics of Lorestan Agricultural Jihad, their number is 2340 households. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size of 150 households was determined. To select the samples, probabilistic random sampling was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as t-test of paired samples. The results of ranking livelihood capital before and after the flood showed that social capital is in the first place with the highest average and human capital is in the last place with the lowest average. In addition, the results of the comparison of the average showed that the average financial, social, human, physical and natural capital in the post-flood is lower than pre- flood. In other words, the occurrence of floods has reduced the five dimensions of the living capital of the rural households. According to the results of this study, solutions for flood risk management and crisis in rural communities have been presented.

Urban tourism has a complex interaction with the city body, which sometimes cannot be separated. This relationship is two-way and mutual, on the one hand, the city helps tourism with its capacities, services and elements, and on the other hand, tourism increases the economic, social and cultural prosperity of the city. A form of sustainable tourism is urban creativity. The formation of a creative city and creative tourism is one of the latest successful urban management practices in order to attract material and non-material capital. Based on this, the aim of this research is to identify the physical drivers effective on tourism in the creative city of Tabriz with a future research approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection method is library and field. Also, out of 563,660 households in Tabriz city, 400 heads of households among ten regions were randomly selected through Cochran's formula, and 15 urban experts were selected for questioning, and finally SPSS and MICMAC software were used for data analysis. The results of the research showed that the indicators related to the dimensions of urban infrastructure and equipment, natural and environmental, technology, building body and service-welfare, respectively, with a weighted average of 0.835, 0.794, 0.745, 0.595 and 0.492. "Had the greatest impact on the creative tourism of Tabriz city. Also, based on the path analysis model, the factors influencing the creative tourism of Tabriz city were determined directly and indirectly. And finally, all the physical factors affecting the creative tourism of Tabriz city were leveled in an exploratory way (intersectional effects).