مجله علمی پژوهان
سال بیست و یکم شماره 2 (بهار 1402)

Hyperglycemia can increase anxiety, depression, and stress in patients with type 1 diabetes, and as a result, poor control of the disease and a decrease in the patient's quality of life. The present study aimed to present the nursing process of an adolescent with hyperglycemia based on King's goal achievement model.

In the present case study, the research sample was a teenage client with frequent hyperglycemia who had visited the hospital several times and was hospitalized. For this purpose, sample selection was performed by available sampling from the research community (i.e., teenagers hospitalized in Hamedan Children's Department with hyperglycemia diagnosis). Data collection was performed through the client's file, interview, and observation of the client, family, doctor, and nurse. The nursing process, according to King's goal achievement model, started after the patient accepted the researcher's request on the last day of hospitalization. The stages of the nursing process(i.e., examination, diagnosis of nursing, determination of common goals and prioritization, transaction based on client's preferences, and evaluation of the degree of achievement of goals by the client by comparing before and after in the range of -2 to +2) were performed in the form of qualitative analysis.

The result pointed out that diabetic adolescents did not have a proper understanding of the factors affecting the stability of blood sugar levels in the normal range. Nonetheless, they found the necessary preparation to interact with the nurse by implementing the nursing process and understanding the conditions affecting hyperglycemia. The findings led to 4 nursing diagnoses and 12 care goals. In the evaluation, it was found that after the implementation of the nursing process, the adolescent client was able to experience the stability of the blood sugar level within the normal range.

The nursing process, according to King's model, was able to stabilize the blood sugar level in the normal range in the patient under study. Therefore, it is possible to suggest the nursing process according to King's model in adolescents with type 1 diabetes in order to maintain the blood sugar level in the normal range.

Vitality and empathy are very important for the better functioning of preschool children. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of life skills training and affective capital training in buoyancy and empathy among 4-6-year-old children.

This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, posttest, and follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population included preschool children in preschool centers in the winter of 2022 in Isfahan, Iran. Out of them, 45 preschool children were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and a control group (15 children for each group). The vitality (Buoyancy) scale of Bang et al. (2019) and the empathy questionnaire of Davis (1980) were used to assess dependent variables in three stages. The two training groups were each trained for ten 45-minute sessions, and the control group did not receive any training. The data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance and post hoc Bonferroni test.

The results pointed out that there was a significant difference between life skills training and affective capital training with the control group in vitality (P<0.01); nonetheless, there was no significant difference between the two training groups (P>0.05). In empathy, only there was a significant difference between affective capital training and the control group (P<0.01).

Considering the effectiveness of life skills training and affective capital training in improving vitality and the effectiveness of affective capital training on improving empathy, it is suggested that this training be used in preschool centers for 4-6-year-old children.

Various surveys show that the economic and social statuses of the family affect the nutrition and growth of children. One of the vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 are children and adolescents. The identification of the amount and severity of their injuries can minimize the extent of their vulnerability to various factors during this pandemic.

The data of this survey were collected through a questionnaire, and simple random sampling was used to select the participants. The statistical population consisted of sufficient number of cases between the ages of 10 and 20 years and living in Mashhad (the samples were from high-, medium-, and low- income classes based on the division of income areas by Mashhad Municipality). Data analysis was done using Probit Regression Models.

With an increase in the number of family members, it was observed that the consumption of protein substances, as well as fruits and vegetables decreased. Renters, low-income individuals, and girls have also been more affected by Corona and have experienced a greater reduction in consumption than owners, individuals with other income classes, and boys, respectively. In both regressions, the variable of “how to occupy the place of residence” has a larger coefficient in terms of absolute value than other variables, and it can be claimed that being a tenant or owner has the greatest impact on consumption.

The losses caused by Corona can be reduced by supporting tenants, households with a large population, and low-income groups.

Hypocalcemia is one of the most common neonatal disorders that has a good prognosis if treated promptly and diagnosed correctly. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of hypocalcemia and associated factors in premature infants in Jiroft, southeastern Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the cases of infants born in the spring and summer of 2019 in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Jiroft, southeastern Iran, were examined by the census method. The required information was extracted from the infants' files and entered into SPSS24 software for analysis.

Based on the results of the study, out of 78 hypocalcemic premature neonates admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, 42 (53.8%) were boys and 36 (46.2%) were girls. Thirty-six (46.2%) infants had a birth weight of between 1,500 and 2,000 g, and 42 (35.8%) infants were born between 35 and 37 weeks of age. Most preterm infants (60.3%) had a diabetic mother. Moreover, the number of female preterm hypocalcemic infants with a weight of 2,000 to 2,500 g was higher than their male counterparts.

The results of this study indicated that prematurity, weight less than 2,000 g, and maternal diabetes were the factors affecting hypocalcemia in preterm infants that should be considered in public health programs.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifactorial disorder that is affected by genetic and environmental factors, including nutritional factors. Recently, the role of nutrients, especially vitamin A, in the pathophysiology and treatment of ASD has received increasing attention. In addition, ASD affects the nutritional pattern and therefore some nutrients may not be received enough. This study was conducted to investigate and compare the intake of different forms of vitamin A in children with ASD and healthy children as a control group in Gorgan City (Northeast of Iran).

In this case-control study, 35 children aged 6 to 12 years with ASD and 70 healthy children who were matched in terms of age and gender were included. Food intake information was recorded using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). To calculate the dietary intake of vitamin A, the FFQ information was entered into ShaFA software.

The age difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.27). The total intake of vitamin A was significantly higher in the control group than in the ASD group. The intake levels of retinol, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene were higher in the control group than in the ASD group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of total intake of lutein and zeaxanthin.

Although the average intake of the two groups was higher than the average values recommended for the corresponding age and gender populations, the lower intake of various food sources of vitamin A in the ASD group indicated the need to pay attention to the food intake of these children, especially that according to the evidence, this disease directly or indirectly affected eating habits and patterns.

Considering the well-known importance of physical activity in determining the health level of people, especially children and teenagers, identifying factors predicting the level of physical activity can be effective in providing effective strategies to improve the health of this group. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify the role of perceived physical literacy level with the mediating role of cognitive abilities in predicting the amount of physical activity of adolescent girls.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 484 girls aged 12-18 years who were selected by random sampling from the students of schools in Semnan, Iran, in the academic year 2021-2022. Perceived Physical Literacy Questionnaire, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Version, and Cognitive Abilities Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Amos and SPSS (version 26) software.

The results showed that the path of perceived physical literacy to cognitive ability, the path of cognitive ability to physical activity, and the direct path of perceived physical literacy to physical activity are statistically significant (P<0.01). According to the proposed research model, the mediating effect of cognitive ability in the relationship between perceived physical literacy and physical activity is significant.

The results of the present study showed that increasing the level of perceived physical literacy of adolescent girls and increasing their cognitive ability can lead to an increase in their participation in physical activities.

Nowadays, disorder in the executive functions of children with autism is a controversial issue. Therefore, the present research aimed to examine the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cognitive rehabilitation on the executive functions of children with autism.

This semi-experimental research had a pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of the study included all children aged 10-12 with autism disorder who referred to treatment centers and clinics in Shahin Dezh and Bukan cities, Iran, 2021-2022. A total of 30 children with autism were purposefully selected and randomly assigned into two groups (15 in the tDCS and 15 in the cognitive rehabilitation). The participants in the tDCS group underwent anodic tDCS on the head for 10 min, and participants in the cognitive rehabilitation group underwent 12 sessions of 40 min long computerized cognitive rehabilitation training. Research tools included Gilliam's Autism Diagnostic Scale, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Test, Numerical Memory Subtest of Wechsler Test, Andre-Ray Test, and Continuous Performance Test. Multivariate covariance analysis was performed to analyze the collected data using SPSS software (version 26).

The results showed that the tDCS method was more effective on executive functions (cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, working memory and sustained attention) compared to the cognitive rehabilitation method (P≥0.01).

Based on the findings of the present research, both methods of tDCS and cognitive rehabilitation are helpful supplements for improving and strengthening executive functions in children with autism.

This research aims to combine studies conducted in the field of cognitive interventions based on modern technologies (computer and neurofeedback) to improve cognitive functions among children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Iran.

The method used in this study was a meta-analysis. The statistical population of this research included studies conducted in Iran. They were indexed in Persian-language databases until 2022 in the field of modern cognitive interventions concerning attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, 69 studies that met the desired criteria were selected, and a meta-analysis was performed based on them. The CMA software was used to analyze the collected data.

The research findings showed that the effect size of these technologies in the field of computer-based interventions was equal to 0.936, that of the neurofeedback interventions was equal to 1.057, and that of the total was equal to 0.997, which, according to Cohen's table, means that these effects have a high effect.

The results showed that cognitive interventions based on modern technologies had a positive and significant impact on improving the cognitive performance of children with this disorder.