پژوهشنامه متون ادبی دوره عراقی
سال سوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

There is no doubt that Hafez's poem is a multi-layered and interpretable poem, and this issue causes the reader of the poem to seek a more meaning behind the appearance of words and sentences; But this subject sometimes immerses the reader in the virtual and semantic space of the poem so much that it makes him unaware of the poetic image that is placed in the appearance of the verse and deprives him of the pleasure of understanding the artistic image of poetry. This is quite tangible about this Hafiz verse: "If the head can be placed on the ground of the beloved threshold, a shout of pride can be raised to the sky". In this verse, because the meaning is almost certain and that is submission to the beloved and at the same time having a sense of pride and honor, the true meaning of the sentences and propositions presented in the verse is no longer considered how it is possible for someone while his head is on the ground he can shout at the same time. Scholars of Hafez's poetry, like readers, have been overwhelmed by the spiritual atmosphere of the verse and have not paid attention to this point. In the present article, while examining the background of the word "Golbang" in Khaghani's poem, we mean the verse of Hafez. According to the present study, this verse is a verse of praise that describes the drum that is playing in the court.
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Female characters, whether in the position of lover or beloved in Attar's Masnavis, actively establish emotional relationships with men and their attitudes toward love effectively contribute to the formation of this relationship. This research aims to investigate these characters' knowing about love dimensions in Attar's Masnavis (Mantiq Al-Tair, Elahinameh, and Mosibatnameh) based on Sternberg's triangular theory of love using the documentary method and provides answer to these questions: Do the patterns of women's romantic relationships match Sternberg's point of view? To which dimensions of love have women paid more attention? and what has been the difference between women's attitude and men's to these issues? The results of this research show that the pattern of romantic relationships of women has been in agreement with Sternberg's point of view, but female characters in Attar's anecdotes</em> have paid more attention to some dimensions and components of love due to cultural differences and mystical attitudes; such that in their views, the men in the position of the lover should prove their intimacy and commitment before addressing the passion dimension, and after that their passion expression can be accepted. The women themselves in the position of the lover always comply with all three dimensions of love, and, in general, guide men in lovemaking to attain the </em>perfect and ideal love.
   

Zarathustra's letter is one of the works of the seventh century AH that deals with the life of Zarathustra and the events before and after his birth. This poem refers to the conspiracies of Zarathustra's enemies to destroy him as a child and the role of his mother in protecting him. In this article, the author intends to study the role of feminine elements in the life of Zoroaster based on the text of the Zoroastrian letter through a descriptive-analytical method. With a little attention to these events, we find that in addition to the mother of Zarathustra, many female elements and animals also play a protective and protective role in the fate of Zarathustra. These include cattle, mares, wolves, ewes, and the role of water (crossing water and drowning in the Wa Daiti River). The active role of Zarathustra's mother and animals and female elements in Zarathustra's care and protection from dangers, in addition to the Zoroastrian system has been repeated in many other Zoroastrian works, which can be related to the symbolic meaning of these feminine forces with the meaning of blessing. Given that Indo-European tribes are patriarchal and patriarchal tribes, the role of female elements in the fate of Zoroaster, can be a remnant of the penetration of Iranians before the arrival of the Aryans in Iran, which have been evidenced by the history of patriarchal and female tribes. The active position of women in this system shows a deep and deep-rooted cultural belief that dates back to the millennia before the arrival of the Aryans in Iran.   

Semiotics first started with Saussure, later Roland Barthes considered its knowledge only through linguistics. In the semiotic analysis of the story "Sarazin" by Balzac, Barthes introduced five codes: functional, enigmatic (hermeneutic), semantic, symbolic and referential codes. In his opinion, these codes lead to the production of meaning. One of the ancient texts that has received less attention from the point of view of Barth's cryptographers and semiotics is Kalila and Demna Nasrollah Monshi. In this research, we tried to select the last two chapters of Kalila and Demeneh, "The King and Brahmins" and "The Prince and His Companions" in order to find out how Barth's five ciphers were manifested in them.  Let's examine the hermeneutic code and its relationship with the identity of the questioners and the content of the two chapters. Let's explore the relationship between cultural codes and the author's knowledge of his era, and also pay attention to the influence of rhetorical techniques and crafts in the production of meaning.We conclude with the investigations carried out in this research: Both chapters begin with enigmatic ciphers. With action codes, it is possible to fully understand the characters of the two stories. By specifying the identity of the questioner and the type of his question, the enigmatic cipher shows that the content of both chapters is about the king and the elements affecting the kingship. Due to the lateness of writing, two or multiple cultural codes are defined in two chapters. Also, rhetorical techniques and industries have greatly contributed to the construction of codes and then the production of meaning.     

The development of all kinds of literary, linguistic, and fictional satires with intellectual, philosophical, social, and political topics is one of the characteristics of the Seljuk era. In this era, on the one hand, kings and Sufists tended to support the culture of the common people, and on the other hand, poets and writers, due to the growth of literacy in the society, improved their linguistic and literary art and created difficult works. Since the kings and common people had a simple mentality, poets used humor and poetic stories to communicate with them. In the meantime, all kinds of humor and satire, which were common demands of the kings and the masses of the people, as one of the types of fun and entertainment as well as a means of judgment about the era, attracted the attention of poets and kings. The other functions of satire in this period are: a tool to show the displeasure of poets with the inattention of rulers to their art, a tool for job competition between poets and also to show the realities of the times, criticism of mischief and discrimination, and also to take revenge on the creators of anarchy.

Khayyam Neyshabouri, one of the most famous poets in the field of Persian language, achieved a universal reputation, and his quatrains were translated into different languages. The high circulation of this work has caused many poets and writers worldwide to be influenced by his fascinating philosophy and particular ethics. One of the writers who were influenced by the thought of Khayyam is Greek Nikos Kazantzakis. Kazantzakis, in developing his novel; that is, "Greek Zorba" as much as the votes and Khayyam's ethics are affected as if the hero of his novel, the same is Khayyam Neyshaburi which has appeared in the old, worldly-wise and hedonism. After adjusting the Greek Zorba and Khayyam ethics and thinking based on the American comparative critique, it was concluded that their most important intellectual and personality traits are: thinking about death, worth knowing the moment, tent about leniency and happiness, praising dance, wine, and lover, fighting religious hypocrites, wonder and skepticism, and interference in the affairs of the creator, materialism, hate to humanity and...