مجله اقتصاد و توسعه منطقه ای
پیاپی 24 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Despite the importance and necessity of accurate statistics and appropriate sequence of data for economic analysis and policymaking, economic data in many developing countries, including Iran, are produced with low accuracy and frequency because of various reasons. Satellite images, especially night light images, with high accuracy and frequency has been used in recent years as an important source of information to estimate the level of economic activity in the world and specially in developing countries which have limited or not accurate data sets . In this paper, for the first time, a new generation of monthly night light data (VIIRS) has been collected, processed, refined and used to estimate the seasonal GDP of Iran. Results of this study show that using these data alongside with seasonal population estimation and seasonal dummy variables can achieve a very good estimation of Iran's Gross domestic product at the national level and hence these data are not manipulated they can be used for more purposes.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of risk management and energy insurance in the upstream part of the Iranian Petroleum Industry. The present study is mixed in terms of developmental result, in terms of data nature and in terms of the purpose of an explanatory research. The statistical population in the qualitative research stage included experts and academics in the field of research subject matter as well as experts and managers in the field of oil, gas and petrochemicals who, using targeted reference sampling method, its sampling volume was sufficient or Theoretical saturation continued and finally 32 people were interviewed. At the quantitative research stage, the statistical population included all managers and specialists of major and sub companies in the financial and operational sectors of the oil industry in state-owned oil and gas development and production companies, as well as the sales management of oil shipments, of which 467 oil and gas specialists, 285 people were selected by available and purpose sampling method and the same number of questionnaires were distributed that after collecting the questionnaires, 221 people participated in the research. The results of the study were classified into important components of risk management and energy insurance, including causal, contextual and intervening variables in the field of identifying, measuring, scenario making and risk management strategies and consequences.

"Region" is a concept that plays an important role in the policy-making of the governments of the world. With the changes that have taken place and new technologies, a new type of region is needed today. Regions, as a combination of criteria and elements, can create and continuously improve knowledge enterprises by injecting new ideas, knowledge and organizational learning. Regions must incorporate the principles of knowledge creation and continuous learning to eventually become learning regions. According to the special characteristics of each region of Iran; Innovation has a different effect in each of these areas. To determine the extent of the impact of these systems, it is necessary to evaluate their performance. The authors of this study intend to provide a model for evaluation in accordance with the conditions of the regions in Iran. The proposed regional innovation system evaluation model consists of three levels, each of which evaluates regions from different perspectives. In such a way that the indicators presented in each level are complementary to other levels. First, the general indicators and potentials of each region are identified, and at the third level, the performance of the firm and the system is evaluated and monitored. Finally, using a case study of Isfahan region; Intends to experimentally evaluate the performance of a regional innovation system in Iran.

One of the essential goals countries are pursuing is achieving a high economic growth rate. There are several factors involved in achieving this goal. Among these, innovation in financial markets, especially the stock market, plays an important role. Since the impact of financial innovation on economic growth in countries varies according to the level of governance, so in this study, the role of good governance has been considered. In this study, the ratio of exchange-traded fund (ETF) value to GDP is selected as a proxy for financial innovation, and the good governance variable is selected as the threshold variable. In order to investigate the impact of financial innovation in the stock market on economic growth, panel data from 38 selected developing and developed countries from 2002 to 2017 and a threshold dynamic panel model have been used. The results indicate that the impact of financial innovation on economic growth is different at low and high levels of governance. In other words, the good governance index plays a role in the impact of financial innovation on economic growth. When the level of good governance index is higher than the threshold level, the impact of financial innovation on economic growth is more significant.

Geopolitical features, distinct climatic and cultural characteristics, different development trends and different security environment have caused the provinces of the country, especially East Azerbaijan, to face different issues/problems in terms of development indicators and security trends. Analyzing these issues and challenges requires understanding the reasons and factors affecting their emergence at the local-regional level and from the perspective of local stakeholders and experts.Emphasis on explaining the system of provincial issues at the national level and the viewpoint of the Capital's elites and providing the same prescriptions for all provinces, has not been able to help deep understanding and solve the challenges of the country's regions. Based on this, the main purpose of this study is to identify the most important issues of the province and also network analysis and proportionality between issues in terms of effectiveness and effectiveness and achieving key issues (as the main obstacles to the development of the province). In this framework, methodologically, in addition to documenting the issue, qualitative analysis and in-depth interviews with 65 managers and senior elites of the province in four ranges of government and private sector organizations, public institutions and academic elites and civil activists are based.The "interaction matrix" analytical technique as well as two software (UCINET and Micmac) and structural or network analysis method have been used to identify the pattern of key component relationships affecting the development of the province. And finally, in the framework of network analysis, the key factors affecting the development of the province in terms of impact were identified in thus; 1) State and rent economy, 2) Security look of the Central to provincial issues, 3) Centralized administrative structure and limited regional powers, 4) Neglect of geopolitical capacities and opportunities in the province, 5) Unbalanced intra-provincial development, 6) Structural discrimination against the province 7) The Incoherence of the management system of the province and the city, 8) Sanctions and the economic crisis of the country, 9) Security of ethnic identity, and 10) Tensions between factions, institutions and officials of the province.

Increasing population growth has directly affected cities and has faced them with numerous challenges. Following this increase in population, the need for urban transportation has also increased. Transport-oriented development is one of the approaches based on its principles and criteria, in spite of responding to the need for transportation in cities, in the direction of sustainable development and pedestrian orientation. District 3 of Isfahan Municipality, which is of special importance in the city due to the presence of national and urban landmark elements such as Naghsh Jahan Square, mansions and historical buildings and the Chahar Bagh sidewalk as the main axis of Isfahan in this area. On the other hand, this area is located near the Zayandeh River and has become a destination for domestic and foreign tourists. With these conditions, the sustainable development of this region and the preservation of its permanence and stability has become very important. This research seeks to answer the question to what extent can adopting a transportation-oriented development approach be useful for the development of this region? For this purpose, first this approach was described and then based on the theoretical foundations and principles expressed by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, principles, criteria and sub-criteria were proposed. Then, using AHP technique, these sub-criteria were weighed and their level of importance was determined. Finally, using SPSS and GIS software, the situation in Region 3 was clarified according to the extent to which the principles of the transport-oriented development approach can be implemented in it.

Measuring poverty is one of the challenges in development economics. Different methods of calculating poverty vary depending on the type of region, country, researcher goals, and available data. Definitions of poverty has changed a lot in recent years. Multidimensional poverty has replaced one-dimensional poverty. According to the breakdown of one-dimensional poverty lines and poverty is measured according to annual income. Multidimensional poverty, taking into account other aspects such as education, health, living standards and income, are fuller attention to the issue of poverty and a more comprehensive definition of poverty. In the one-dimensional poverty through poverty line be considered poor if the person under the poverty line and above it is not poor. The multidimensional poverty may be poor person in one or more dimensions, for example in the field of income above the poverty line but poor health or education are considered. Preferences are about the reasons people make decisions. Preferences are divided into social preferences and personal preferences. Preferences are divided into risk, time saving, altruism, trust, retaliation, positive and negative. These indicators have been introduced in the Global Preference Survey. In this article, by establishing the relationship between multidimensional poverty and preferences, we examine the impact of preferences on multidimensional poverty.Top time preferences in this study are defined as preferences that have the greatest impact on people's decision-making time. For example, in different occupational groups, preferences can be different and varied at the moment of decision-making to help people in need, charities and aid organizations, which at the time of decision-making and frequently compared to other preferences to preferences. Superior goes back in time. Identifying superior preferences helps to create poverty reduction policies in line with those preferences and leads to ranking the effective preferences of individuals in multidimensional poverty.The use of fuzzy logic in various topics such as measuring economic variables is increasing. For topics for which a definite boundary is inconceivable, fuzzy logic provides better and closer results to reality. For example, if we consider poverty in terms of income, we should use the poverty line to determine the level of poverty of individuals. For example, if the poverty line is set below the annual income of one billion rials, if a person has an annual income of 999 million rials, If he has an annual income of one billion and one hundred thousand rials, he is considered non-poor. Here, the classical set, which has a clear demarcation, can not show poverty in terms of income correctly and close to reality, while using the fuzzy set and its tools, one can belong to the non-poor group and 0.8 at a rate of 2.0 belongs to the poor. In this study, we use the adaptive fuzzy-neural model ANFIS, which is a more comprehensive model, to answer the research question regarding the identification and the maximum impact of superior temporal preferences on multidimensional poverty. According to Alkaier and Foster, Multidimensional poverty is divided into deprivation in terms of education, health, living standards, and education for children, adult education, children's health, men's health, women's health, home flooring, sanitation, shared facilities, access to education, Healthy drinking water and assets are indicators of its measurement. Preferences are the reasons for individuals' decisions and are divided into trust, risk, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity in social and personal dimensions. In this study, the best time preferences are mentioned as the reasons for people at the moment of decision making without having a history of previous preferences. Using a two-stage questionnaire method, in the first stage, multidimensional poverty was identified and in the second stage, the preferences of people willing to help in different dimensions of multidimensional poverty were identified and using ANFIS fuzzy-neural model in MATLAB software to investigate the effect of superior preferences. Let's look at the dimensions of multidimensional poverty. The results showed the greater impact of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk, respectively, and this sequence can be introduced as the preferences of individuals at the moment of decision making or the best time preferences. In this paper, the effect of superior temporal preferences on multidimensional poverty was investigated using an adaptive adaptive fuzzy-nervous system. Multidimensional poverty is introduced in various articles with other factors of deprivation, such as education, health, living standards. Preferences address the reasons for people's decisions. Preferences refer to trust, risk, altruism, and positive and negative reciprocity. Top temporal preferences in this study for the first time refer to the reasons for a person's decision outside of past decisions and consider the reasons of individuals at the time of decision. Hence, temporal trust, temporal risk, temporal altruism, and positive and negative temporal interaction are created at the moment of a person's decision, and in the past, the effect of this preference has rarely existed. The reason for this is related to the individual's decision-making conditions at the time of the decision. For example, a person does not trust different people, but at the moment of decision making, he trusts the reasons and circumstances. Finally, by creating an ANFIS model, we examine the preferences for each of the dimensions of multidimensional poverty and obtain the results using the best creative membership functions and rules. According to the results table of temporal altruism, temporal reciprocity, temporal trust and temporal risk are the most common reasons for people to help and have the greatest impact on the dimensions of multidimensional poverty.

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment of university graduates and the incapability of the government to provide jobs, makes entrepreneurship an important issue which should be seriously taken into account. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify the state of entrepreneurial spirit of students and also investigate the effects of social capital and its types, cultural and economic capital on entrepreneurial spirit. This research has been done quantitatively. The statistical population of the research is 442 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Medical Sciences who were collected at random. A researcher-made questionnaire is used and its validity and reliability were estimated by Cronbach's alpha method.The findings indicate a positive correlation between social capital, friendship and family capital and entrepreneurial spirit, and a negative relationship between institutional capital and entrepreneurial spirit. Also, cultural capital and entrepreneurial spirit are negatively (r=0.219), and economic capital and entrepreneurial spirit are positively (r=0.159) correlated. In addition, the results show that besides strengthening social capital, it is necessary for universities to prompt students involve in working in the real environment in the discussion of university education in their educational models. This would stimulate the issues and challenges that entrepreneurs issues and challenges experienced by entrepreneurs in real-life situations for students.