مجله اقتصاد و توسعه منطقه ای
پیاپی 25 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Development has been the most important overall goal of individuals and societies in the present era. Therfor, development efforts in all societies have been among the main goals of countries. Based on this, the aim of this research is to identify and analyze the national drivers of Iran's development policy.

The method of conducting this qualitative research is a prospective study, which was carried out with the strategy of trend analysis and all the national trends governing the state of Iran's development policy by studying internal and external reports, including; The study of existing researches and theoretical literature and in-depth interviews and brainstorming sessions have been conducted and subjected to the criticism of experts and development policy activists in Iran. The statistical population of this research includes all development policy experts and activists in Iran who are experts and experts in development and policy making, 25 of whom have participated in the research process in the form of interviews and participation in brainstorming sessions. Data analysis was based on trend analysis of the type of drivers.

In this research, 25 important and fundamental drivers have been identified in 5 social, technological, economic, environmental and political fields. At the national level, 9 important social drivers for the country's development policies have been identified, which include; Canceling cultural patronage, creating a common vision, national dialogue for development, attracting public participation, eliminating poverty and inequality, social inclusion, population control policy, urban development policy, and changing the behavior of individual activists. Also, the national technological engines include 5 important engines; Independence of higher education institution, focus on education, expansion of science sovereignty, development of peaceful nuclear science and technology, and acceptance of technology. The economic drivers at the national level are the 3 important drivers of monitoring and measuring development, canceling economic support and tourism for the development of Iran. But in the environmental field, four drivers; Land use policies, adaptability and flexibility to climate changes, level of access to clean energy and prevention of industrial pollution. Finally, the political and governance drivers identified at the national level include 4 drivers; Development of horizontal criticism, thoughtful decision-making, strengthening of civil society and implementation of formulated policies.

These drivers are in different social, technical, economic, environmental and political fields, which in terms of the degree of effectiveness are political drivers of governance, environmental drivers, technological drivers, economic drivers and finally socio-cultural drivers, but The basis of the degree of importance in order; Economic, technical, social, cultural and environmental issues and finally political drivers are given priority.

The negative economic, social and political characteristics of poverty have forced governments to prioritize the improvement of the poor in their work. Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to poverty and its factors affecting.But the important issue in this regard is the various definitions related to poverty.These definitions are different according to different approaches, including its regionality.This issue creates the mentality that is the phenomenon of poverty a regional and geographical category? In other words, are the factors affecting poverty different in developed and developing regions? Or is poverty an international phenomenon and its factors affecting are the same everywhere?For this purpose and in order to answer the mentioned questions, in the current research, poverty was investigated and modeled in two groups of developing and developed countries based on geographical conditions, in the period from 1990 to 2017.The research findings indicate that:The variables of economic growth, international trade, inflation, unemployment and financial development are the most important factors affecting the poverty index in developing and developed countries. However, inflation and unemployment indicators increase poverty and improving financial development, economic growth and international trade reduces poverty. Also, the coefficient of economic growth on poverty has a negative effect in both groups of developing and developed countries, which indicates the confirmation of Stiglitz's trickle-down effect theory that economic development reduces poverty; In addition, poverty in different regions is mostly an economic category and other different approaches related to poverty are placed in the next levels of importance.

Considering the high potentials of Mashhad in health tourism development, the aim of this study is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of health tourism in Mashhad. For this purpose, first, the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this industry were extracted through in-depth interviews with the experts and authorities of the active units in the field of health tourism in hospitals and health tourism companies in Mashhad. Then, using the questionnaire and SWOT method, the experts' opinions on extracted strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were analyzed. Finally, health tourism supply chain of Mashhad extracted and appropriate strategies were adopted. The results show that among the internal factors, low costs is the biggest strength and weakness in advertising is the biggest weakness. Among the external factors, Imam Reza Shrine is the greatest opportunity, and the presence of great competitors and major challenges with Arab and Western countries are the greatest threats. Due to is being more weaknesses than strengths and the being more opportunities than threats, health tourism development in the city of Mashhad should be pursued through a revision strategy.Mashhad is the second largest religious metropolis in the world with about 30 million tourists annually. Most tourists travel to Mashhad for the purpose of pilgrimage, along with sightseeing and medical services. The spirit of pilgrimage tourism is in fact the healing of the holy site of Imam Reza (AS).Mashhad has great potential in both health tourism sectors, namely tourism and health. In the tourism sector, the existence of hotels, markets, visiting centers, play areas, water complexes and transport infrastructures, etc. can be as structured system to attract the health tourist. In the treatment sector, the presence of experienced physicians, skilled medical staff, equipped medical centers and the most sophisticated surgery in accordance with the science of the day can be the most important capacities in this field. However, there are barriers and challenges to the development of health tourism in Mashhad which have prevented it from achieving its rightful place in employment creation, value added and currency production. Therefore, scientific analysis of the challenges and opportunities of this industry and adopting realistic strategies tailored to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats is an essential step in the development of health tourism in Mashhad. Although empirical studies have so far examined the issue of health tourism from various aspects, this article has analyzed the health tourism industry with a different approach and from a supply chain perspective.For this purpose, first, the key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of this industry extracted through in-depth interviews with industry experts including managers and authorities of international patients' admissions to private and public hospitals and managers of health tourism active companies in the city of in Mashhad. Then, by using the questionnaire and SWOT method, the experts' opinions on extracted strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were analyzed and health tourism supply chain of Mashhad extracted. Finally, necessary strategies suggested.Therefore, health can be considered as a factor in people's decision-making abroad, for various reasons. One may travel for special surgeries, while the other may travel only for rest and relaxation (Hui and Wan, 2009: 110).Wong et al )2014) state that health tourists' motivation to receive health care outside their area of residence is influenced by many factors including cost, time, rules and regulations, medical preferences and service availability, quality, Leisure tourism and information availability (Wong et al, 2014: 1).It is predicted that health growth, the so-called health or prevention boom, will be the new "economic power". This is due to lower constraints, higher innovation potential and the focus on customers and their demands and needs (Hofer et al, 2012: 60). On the other hand, health tourism can be a solution while health poverty is one of the biggest problems in developing countries (Bookman and Bookman, 2007: 7).The health tourism industry is the most important subdivision of the tourism industry that has higher economic and social benefits (such as increased employment, exchange and income generation) than other sub-sectors. Mashhad also has unique features and opportunities compared to other cities in the field of health tourism, but due to challenges in this industry has not yet reached its main position. The purpose of this study is to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the health tourism industry in Mashhad and to present strategies to develop and improve this industry. To achieve this goal, information was extracted by in-depth interviews with industry experts, then extracted information was analyzed by questionnaire and SWOT method and health tourism supply chain of Mashhad extracted. The results of the analysis show the biggest strengths is the low costs of tourism services and the biggest weakness is weaknesses in advertising and marketing in the health tourism industry in Mashhad. The greatest opportunity is the presence of Imam Reza (AS) shrine and the biggest threats are the presence of great competitors and major challenges with the Arab Western countries. According to the results of this study, considering the weaknesses of this industry is more than its strengths and opportunities more than threats, the development of the health tourism industry in Mashhad should be pursued through a revision strategy. Therefore, the following strategies are suggested:

Identifying the comparative advantage of economic activities in different regions of each country provides economic planners with the possibility of correct planning. In this regard, Bushehr province as a potential region has a comparative advantage in terms of having potential and actual potential in various fields in some activities, too industrial activities. Therefore, in the present research, by benefiting from the theories of comparative advantage and by indices such as cluster index, Balassa index and Balassa symmetry index, concentrated industrial activities are identified and then to determine the activities with comparative advantage in the export has been paid in the years 2005 to 2019. In the following, considering the importance of non-oil export development based on five relative import indicators, the number of countries participating in imports, the lack of advantage of the target country in product production, the average tariff and the distance between the target country and Bushehr province, the most important target markets of the selected product were identified in the last statistical 2021 year by the numerical taxonomy method. The obtained results show that Bushehr province has a comparative advantage in exports among various industrial activities focused in the production of chemicals and chemical products. Also, the results of determining the priority of the target markets in the mentioned product showed that the countries of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Qatar are the most important target countries for the chemical products of Bushehr province, respectively, they have the first to fourth priority.

Economic insecurity means the existence of risks limiting economic growth. On the other hand, considering that economic insecurity has important effects on consumption decisions, savings and labor market balance, it can be said that economic security is an important part of economic well-being, which is largely affected by the country's economic policies. Policies and programs to deal with inflation and especially the effect of monetary policies on the nominal and real variables of the economy is one of the most important topics in the literature of monetary economics. This research examines changes in economic growth and economic security index in Iran. Through modeling the application of a contractionary monetary policy for the period of 1988-2021 using the structural autoregression model (SVAR), the obtained results show that the contractionary impulse on the growth of the country's liquidity has a negative reaction on the growth of GDP per capita in It follows in the short term. But in the long term and gradually with the reduction of inflation, its initial effects will be moderated and the country's economic growth will improve. Based on this, the calculated production sacrifice ratio is -3.52. According to the results of the research, the negativeness of the calculated ratio means that in Iran's economy, the application of monetary policy to achieve a lower inflationary trend has a long effect interval (about five years) and during this Over the years, production not only compensates for its initial decrease over time, but also increases by 3.52%. Also, in the examination of the relationship between the economic security index and the negative impulse of the monetary policy, it can be seen that it has a negative reaction in the short term, which is mostly due to the direct effects of the reduction in production growth and also the reverse effects of the growth of the general level of prices on the economic security index. In the long term, the gradual decrease in inflation leads to the improvement of the economic security index. The results also show that both in the short term and in the long term, the most important variable affecting the changes in production growth is the impulse resulting from the economic security index, which indicates the great importance of the stability of economic conditions, whether the absence or reduction of unemployment risks, the risk of growth of health costs. And private treatment shows the risk of poverty and risks caused by inflationary uncertainties.

in today's competitive world, productivity as a philosophy and a vision based on the strategy of improving operations is the most important goal of leading organizations and is a necessity for economic growth and improving the living and welfare of a country. The amount and rate of productivity growth in each country has a significant impact on the trend of macroeconomic variables at the global level. Many factors affect productivity, among which, the role of wages and inflation can be very important. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of wages and inflation on labor productivity using Markov Switching econometric technique in 15 selected developing countries during the period 2006 to 2017. In this paper, the indicators of foreign direct investment, human capital, business environment, corruption control and trade liberalization were considered as control variables in the model. The results show that inflation in both regimes (boom and bust) has a negative effect on labor productivity and the effect of wages on labor productivity in both regimes (boom and bust) is positive. In relation to control variables, the variables of human capital, trade liberalization and business environment in both regimes (boom and bust) have a positive effect on labor productivity. However, in the case of foreign direct investment and corruption control variables, we see a positive relationship in the first regime (boom) and a negative relationship in the second regime (recession). Also, for more detailed studies, the causal relationship between inflation and wages with labor productivity has been studied by the Granger method, which shows the two-way causal relationship between the variables under study.

The process of granting facilities in Isfahan province through Kara system has started since 2017. According to the information of this system, since the start of the project until 20/10/1400, 3769887.9 million Rials have been paid for 4266 facility projects. Among the plans that have been collected through their questionnaire, 7188 jobs have been promised, of which 6914 jobs have been created, showing a success rate of about 96% in total. Also, 82.5% of the projects have fulfilled their job commitments. The total value of the facilities paid was 3751 billion Rials, which means 542 million Rials per capita for the creation of each realized job.In this regard, this research is investigated by using the results of questionnaires and system information, t_test and ANOVA tests, possible effective factors on job creation projects. Based on the results of these tests and the analysis carried out, the variables of the project execution city, the executive body, the target sector (agriculture, industry, tourism, etc.), the type of project, the closure of the company, and the presence of the support system were related to the success of the project.

How economic fluctuations affect macroeconomic variables is important in policy making. In this study, we examine the asymmetric effects of oil price shocks and real exchange rate volatility fluctuations on economic growth and inflation in two groups of oil exporting and importing countries.For this purpose, we have used the panel data method in the period 2018-1990The RGARCH model is used to calculate oil price shocks. The results show that the research hypotheses that the response of economic growth and inflation to oil price shocks in both groups of oil exporting and importing countries are asymmetric.Also, the results of tests and model estimation show that real exchange rate fluctuations have a negative and positive effect on economic growth and inflation of oil exporting countries and a positive effect on economic growth and inflation of oil importing countries. 

The purpose of this article is to study the capacities and challenges of development of Sistan border region and development strategies of these regions in different fields. This research has been done by Thematic analysis method and data have been collected through field observation and in-depth interviews with 14 executive and academic experts. The results show that Sistan and Baluchestan province has capacities such as: wind and solar renewable energy, neighborhood with It has Pakistan, Afghanistan, etc. On the other hand, it has challenges such as successive droughts and lack of water supply from Afghanistan, marginalization and .... After describing and analyzing the above cases with the method of Thematic analysis, solutions in different areas have been presented to overcome the challenges and use the capacities of the region; Including the entry of quasi-governmental institutions into the industrial sector to support the region's infant industries, increase economic interactions with the neighboring country in order to provide water resources, Invest in skill-based education and...

The prevalence of this disease can have wide-ranging effects at the national, regional and local levels (Reardon, 2020). A report by UNICEF states that the virus is so small that it cannot be seen with the naked eye. Covid 19 pandemic today has more than 270 million confirmed cases and about 5.3 million million deaths from December 2019 to December 2021 worldwide, this figure in our country is 6 million cases and about 130 thousand deaths. Has been reported. Which has sparked fears of a global economic crisis and recession around the world. (Sonnichsen, 2020)
According to available statistics and documents, about 255 million job opportunities with the nature of continuous work have been overshadowed by the negative effects of the Corona virus. This is four times more than the number of people who lost their lives in the global financial crisis of 2009. It seems that 114 million people in this unprecedented global unemployment are facing an unemployment crisis. (Anderson, 2020) About 71% of people who have lost their jobs do not have much opportunity to get a good job. Restrictions imposed by governments do not provide much opportunity for job seekers (Bovino, 2020).
Also, quarantine and social distancing schemes and travel and travel restrictions have reduced the labor force in all economic sectors and caused serious damage or the loss of many jobs and the closure of educational services and schools, the need for goods and products. Production has declined and the need for medical staff and medical equipment has increased significantly, including in other economic sectors such as the oil and petrochemical industries, the food and agriculture industries, and the tourism and aviation industries (Argus Media , 2020).
Compulsory quarantine can have consequences that are directly related to the livelihood and economy of households by keeping more people in the family bed, especially men who bear the economic burden of the family. The villages of Zahedan city with many problems such as drought, poor health, weak infrastructure, problems caused by the corona epidemic, weakness in the health system and other cases have caused the corona to impose an additional burden on the economic burden of households. Considering that the lack of control of the disease and its prevalence and new strains can have many consequences for the economy, especially the rural economy on rural households in Zahedan city and suffer significant negative effects, it is appropriate to address this issue in this study. . Therefore, this study seeks to answer the question of what are the effects of coronary heart disease on the economic structure of rural households?

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work, which is done in two ways: library study and field survey. In the descriptive study section, the library method has the main application because the theoretical foundations of research and aristocracy on the subject of research are available and documented only by reviewing existing studies and researches. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in Zahedan city. Due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 20 villages were randomly selected as the sample village. According to the 2016 census, these villages have a total of 4456 households equal to It had a population of 18,365, of which 354 were selected using the Cochran's formula. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data, the face validity of which was confirmed by professors and experts related to the relevant rural economy.

Rural spaces have always been emphasized by planners because they accommodate a significant part of the population (Rezvani, 2010). Rural economy is considered as an economic foundation due to providing food security and essential goods of a country. Therefore, any hesitation in this type of economy can have many consequences on other economic dimensions. The outbreak of coronavirus has had various effects on the world economy, especially the rural economy. Given the prevalence of this disease in Iran, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effects of corona on economic indicators on the lives of villagers. The present research is a descriptive survey in terms of purpose, application and type of research method.
The study of economic indicators in the studied villages showed that all five indicators of production prosperity, business environment, investment, rural debt and migration were assessed at an unfavorable level. In the study of the effects of coronavirus epidemic on economic indicators of rural households in Zahedan city, the results showed that the coronavirus epidemic has the greatest impact on the variable of business environment and the least impact on the migration variable. The coronavirus epidemic also affects the boom in production and investment.
One of the studied variables is the increase of villagers' debt. Increasing the debt of the villagers is one of the problems that starts to move with the closure of classes and businesses. Therefore, the government should prevent the increase of villagers' debts by providing appropriate solutions. In Lithuania, for example, the government provides assistance to those in need of quarantine and public closures through a coordination center. In this regard, it is possible to support the people in rural areas through programs such as interest-free loans and participation in their repayment.
Another suggestion is to improve the digital and accessible infrastructure. It is recommended that by strengthening the digital sector and related infrastructure, the economic trend be turned into telecommuting so that people can be able to provide income for themselves using this technology (OECD, 2019). Of course, it should be noted that the gap between city and village in digital infrastructure was very obvious and abundant. For example, while 85% of urban households have access to 30 MB / s of bandwidth, in rural areas only 56% of households have access to it, which is much lower in the study area.