فصلنامه انتظام اجتماعی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1402)

The restorative approach is one of the ways to respond to the needs of the society, which can provide trust in the organization by reducing the level of interventions while meeting the needs. In order to realize this process, the need for continuous review and revision of programs and policies is most apparent. Therefore, the main goal of the current research was to present a structural model of organizational factors effective on the implementation of restorative justice in the police. In terms of its objectives the current research is of an applied research type and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research is made up of specialists and prevention experts. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The obtained data was analyzed through structural equations and partial least squares method with the help of SMART PLS-2 software. The validity of the questionnaire was analyzed using divergent validity and convergent validity tests in SMART PLS software, and Cronbach's alpha test and composite reliability coefficient (CR) were used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of Cronbach's alpha for each variable was higher than 0.7 and it shows the reliability of the questionnaire. To measure the validity of the questionnaire, the average variance extracted (AVE) was used, which was more than 0.4 and acceptable, and the criteria of significance coefficients Z, R_square, Q2 were used to check the fit of the structural model, and the obtained results indicate the appropriate fit of the model. The results showed that the variables of legal structures and procedures with the influence coefficient of 0.380, educational structure (0.232) and organizational culture (0.061), respectively, have the greatest impact on the implementation of restorative justice in the police. The effect of organizational structure on the implementation of restorative justice in the police was rejected.

Social security has a very important and sensitive role in different dimensions of human life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the participation of trustees in establishing social security and its purpose was to investigate the effect of the components of membership in participatory assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation, participation in decision-making in establishing social security in Tehran. In terms of its objectives the current research is of an applied research type and descriptive-survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the research included the trustees of districts 17, 11, and 10 of Tehran. The size of the statistical sample was determined based on Cochran's formula, and Cochran's formula was used with an unspecified and unlimited population size. The sample size was 350 people who were selected by cluster random sampling method. Face validity was used to measure the validity of the research and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the research variables. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. At the descriptive level, center tendency statistics were used, and at the inferential level, Pearson's test and multivariate regression were used. The results of this research showed that membership in cooperative assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation, participation in decision-making in establishing social security has a significant effect at the level of 5%. The correlation coefficient between membership in participatory assemblies and the establishment of social security is 0.56, the correlation coefficient between the participation position and the establishment of social security is 0.61, the correlation coefficient between participation in the implementation and establishment of social security is 0.60, and the correlation coefficient between participation in making decisions and establishing social security is 0.48. One of the factors to improve social security is the social participation of local trustees, and if participation is promoted, its components such as membership in participatory assemblies, participatory position, participation in implementation and participation in decision-making of social security are also improved.

Identifying existing and effective obstacles on the quality of police services and increasing social desirability is one of the current needs of I.R.I. Police. Based on this, the aim of the current research was to identify the obstacles to providing desirable police services in the police station and the solutions to remove the obstacles from the desirable police services in the police stations. In terms of its objectives the current research is of an applied research type and qualitative in terms of the nature of the data. Its statistical population was the heads of Mazandaran police stations (officers with more than ten years of service). Sampling was done in a purposeful way and with the priority of chiefs of police stations in Mazandaran province. Sampling and conducting interviews with participants continued until reaching theoretical saturation, which was about 23 people. Also, a semi-structured interview was used to collect data. Data analysis was done based on thematic analysis techniques using MAXQDA software. The findings from the data analysis showed that the barriers to providing good police services in police stations are classified into four categories of "legal and legislative, human resources, technology and equipment and structural barriers" and the provided solutions include five types of "legal and legislative solutions, educational, human resources, structural and logistic solutions". The results of the research showed that educational solutions are considered as the most important solutions according to the number of themes extracted, which included three factors of judicial affairs education, specialized education, empowerment and public education. Each of the above-mentioned factors includes solutions such as continuous training of consultants, providing specialized and periodical trainings, holding general trainings, installing educational posters (banners) at the field level, improving the level of knowledge and information of educational managers and executives, creating a suitable environment for providing counseling, improving law enforcement and judicial knowledge, recruiting psychologists for the cops, etc.

Common views of resilience on dealing with crime rely on individual factors and ignore socio-economic factors related to crime. Therefore, understanding and examining theories of resilience against crime helps to understand the causes of resilience and reducing crime and is of great importance in criminal policy making and maintaining social cohesion and order. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the theories of resilience against crime, and a critical review of the views presented in these theories.

The current research is an applied research that was done by documentary method. Documentary method is a type of qualitative method in which documentary data are systematically used to discover, extract, analyze and evaluate the contents related to the research topic.

This study shows the difference between difference-oriented and critical theories about resilience and suggests a combination of them (anti-oppression theory) for studies of resilience against crime. Anti-oppression theories are difference-oriented and critical. While acknowledging agency and multiple voices, they criticize societal structures and inequalities as factors that hinder resilience.

The results of this study show that both personal and structural factors determine mass resilience. However, structural factors are more important than personal factors. In other words, people have choices and can practice their agency within their socio-economic conditions.

Today, the influence of virtual social media on the components of social identity, including national identity, is undeniable. Examining the various aspects of these effects has been the focus of social researchers. A brief look at the research conducted in this field shows different and sometimes contradictory results. Based on this, the current research was conducted with the aim of achieving a comprehensive analysis of the impact of virtual social media on national identity.

The research method is meta-analysis, which examined 21 related studies in 2010-2018. In order to analyze the data, sensitivity analysis, funnel plot, fixed and random models, and heterogeneity analysis were used using comprehensive meta-analysis software (CMA2).

The findings showed the heterogeneity of the effect size in different studies and the lack of publication bias in the considered studies. Also, the results of the effect size of national identity and the use of virtual space are -0.139, which according to Cohen's interpretation system, this effect is evaluated as "weak". In addition, the examination of two moderating variables shows that the coefficient of effect size is higher in students than in citizens, and the effect size is different in the group who exclusively use virtual networks and those who use both websites and social networks.

The results of heterogeneity analysis confirm the viewpoint of theorists who have a realistic approach and believe in the positive and negative effects of virtual space, and the size of the combined effect confirms the view that emphasizes the negative effect of virtual space on identity.

The importance of crime detection is due to the fact that a large part of people in society and all coercive and social control institutions are affected by this phenomenon. In some way, the peace and social security of society is intertwined with this phenomenon, but such importance depends on having agents with proper interrogation skills. Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of identifying interviewing and interrogation skills in law enforcement and theft. In this research, qualitative approach and thematic analysis method have been used. The statistical population of this research is 15 detectives and crime detection specialists who work in specialized police forces, and among them, a targeted approach and a theoretical saturation criterion were used to select the statistical sample. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, which was used to determine its reliability and validity using the four criteria of credibility, transferability, verifiability and reliability. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The interpretation of the main and secondary concepts in the interview text showed that interviewing and interrogation skills in police affairs and criminal investigation of theft cases include 96 secondary concepts and 4 main concepts, including technical and informational skills, professional and detective skills, verbal and communication skills and psychological and perceptive skills that are mentioned in the text of the article. One of the most important issues that should be considered by specialized police in the process of criminalizing theft is the use of existing capacities and training and having such four skills for interrogators.

In order to protect Iranian users in cyberspace, in recent years, some social networks such as Facebook and Telegram have been filtered by the relevant authorities of our country. But still some users use filtered networks in different ways and using tools such as VPNs. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social network filtering policies on the general sense of security of users.

The present research was conducted in a quasi-experimental way. The method of data collection was field study and the tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population of the research was 402,453 citizens aged 18 to 65 living in the 22nd district of Tehran in 2015, and 384 people were selected for the sample size based on Cochran's formula.

The use of tools such as VPN and the use of unethical sites and undesirable content in cyberspace can affect the sense of identity, collective, cultural and intellectual security of users.

The results showed that the policy of filtering social networks has not only led to an increase in the public security of users who have not used VPN, but to some extent, it has also provided a sense of public security in some of the users who have used VPN.