مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1402)

Water and soil are two valuable natural resources, which, need high attenstion respect to protect against destruction or pollution. Various methods and techniques reduce the process of degradation and pollution of water and soil, which are generally common in water and soil conservation measures (WSCM). In this study, for the first time in Iran, the factors influencing the formation of initial trust in order to adopt soil and water conservation measures among paddy farmers located in the Lasht-e-Nesha district, located in northern Iran, were investigated.

Since the existence of any kind of relationship between two individuals or legal entities requires the existence of trust, we used the Initial Trust Model (ITM) as an independent conceptual model. The variables used in this study are firm reputation, propensity to trust, perceived structural assurance, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and age and farm size. To evaluate the conceptual model (Because most of this research is composed of attitudinal components) and the mentioned variables, we used structural equation modeling (SEM) and SMART-PLS3 software.

The variable Effort expectancy (EE) was found to have the greatest impact among the variables included in the conceptual model of this study.

 The article suggests that responsible institutions in the field of agriculture hold conferences and gatherings in rural areas with the presence of soil and water experts and paddy farmers in order to further clarify the efficiency and effectiveness of WSCM.

Considering the effect of income distribution on poverty and economic well-being of villagers, knowledge of the factors affecting how income is distributed in rural areas of the country will be necessary to formulate poverty alleviation policies. Economic growth is recognized as one of the factors influencing the income distribution pattern.
In this study, using composite data in the Kuznets hypothesis curve, the relationship between economic growth and income inequality in rural areas of Iran has been investigated using the Spatial panel approach during the period 2011-2019.
The results of the study indicate the existence of spatial over, so that in this study the effect of spatial economic growth (GDP per capita) is a positive and significant relationship with the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. However, the effect of the Spatial over of the economic growth space of the agricultural sector (value added of the agricultural sector) has had a negative and significant effect on the rural Gini coefficient in the provinces of Iran. The results also show that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between agricultural sector growth and income distribution. Therefore, Kuznets hypothesis is confirmed in rural areas of Iran.
It is suggested that given that economic growth has not been justice-oriented and poor growth based on the distribution of incomes in rural areas of the provinces, in order to improve income distribution in rural areas of the country, economic policies should be in line with accelerating the growth of agriculture.

Biodiversity as an approach to achieve sustainable development, play an important role in food security and earth balance. Also, the reduction of production capacity and biological capital is due to the destruction of biodiversity.

The required data have been collected from the agricultural jihad management of the cities of Golestan province in the form of 25 types of crops for 2017-2018.

According to the results, crop diversity of Golestan province is in the range of 0.74 (Gomishan city) to 2.25 (Bandar-e-Gaz city) And the uniformity index also shows that the species uniformity in Bandar-e-Gaz city with 0.75 has the highest and in Gomishan cities with 0.31 and Kalaleh with 0.30 has the lowest value. This can be due to climate differences and the number of available inputs and farm management in the cities of the province.

Due to the importance of agriculture in the economy of Golestan province and the existence of climatic differences in soil science, hydrology, and the range of changes in climatic parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and evaporation from the south to north of Golestan province; To plan for maintaining sustainability and biodiversity, more extensive studies should be conducted on crop and horticultural diversity of different climates in Golestan province.

The present study, by examining the rural-urban migration theories, using the Generalized Method of Moments approach and using provincial data from 2006-2016, investigated the effects of rural income distribution on immigration. The variables used in this study include the Gini coefficient, literacy rate, number of health homes, per capita GDP, agricultural sector's value-added, and Dummy variable (for the payment of subsidies).
The Generalized Method of the Moment Approach was used for this purpose. To verify the Cross-Sectional Dependence and Pesaran (2004) CD Test and CADF test were used. Also, to investigate co-integration, the Westerlund test was used.
The research findings show that the relation between the Gini coefficient and migration is positive, so with a percentage increase in the Gini coefficient, migration from the village to the city will increase by 0.46%. Also, per capita GDP, education, and health in rural areas have decreased immigration. As a percentage increase in per capita GDP, literacy rates, and the number of health homes, we will see a decrease of 0.13%, 0.002%, and 0.05% in immigration, respectively. The relationship between the value added of the agricultural sector and migration is positive, and for a one percent increase in the value added of the agricultural sector, the rural-urban migration rate will increase by 0.19 percent.
In order to improve the distribution of income in rural areas, establishing an appropriate structure for coordinating rural and nomadic development, promoting rural development indicators and providing new services, prioritizing rural services based on regional and local conditions, supporting the expansion of industrial agriculture and rural industries in order to create reverse migration (from city to village), they must be prioritized.

The increase in greenhouse gas emissions and climate change in recent years has led to frequent droughts and increased vulnerability in agricultural production. In Hamedan province, heat and dryness resulting from climate change and greenhouse gas emissions have increased the evaporation of water and the water requirements of crops, leading to instability and vulnerability in agricultural production. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of variables such as carbon dioxide emissions, temperature, average precipitation, water consumption, technological changes, and other important variables on wheat production as one of the main strategic products in Hamedan province. This will help estimate and analyze the relationship between the variables affecting and affected by climate change and the level of wheat production.

To this end, an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) econometric model was developed and estimated using time series data from 1977 to 2017 to examine the short- and long-term effects of climatic and technical variables on changes in wheat production in Hamedan province.

The results showed that although increasing carbon dioxide emissions reduce wheat production in Hamedan province, this reduction was not significant during the period under study. The estimation results also indicated that the climate variable of changes in precipitation had a significant effect on wheat production in Hamedan province, but changes in temperature and technological variables did not have a significant effect on wheat production.

It can be inferred from these results that the negative effect of greenhouse gas emissions on wheat production in Hamedan province has begun, but this negative effect is not yet significant. The error correction model results also showed that any negative shock to wheat production in the short term is managed through adjusting the level of cultivation, fertilizer, and, most importantly, agricultural credits, and that changes in water and agricultural credits exacerbate negative shocks and reduce the responsiveness of wheat production to these shocks.

The inefficiency of the agricultural products market in Iran has caused severe price fluctuations and dissatisfaction on both sides of the market, namely consumers and producers. This market is sometimes faced with oversupply or shortage of supply, and the role of brokers for speculation and hoarding is very colorful. In this study, while examining and identifying the active links related to the value chain, a strategic model for creating an agricultural value chain and its executive instructions were developed so that in this model the role of actors in the market and trade of products is specified.
The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in the field of qualitative research and in terms of research method, it is a combination of two documentary and field methods. Documentary information and face-to-face observation of the activities of 35 economic activists in the agricultural sector of Fars province and 12 joint meetings with officials and managers of the Agricultural Jihad Organization with a brainstorming approach and based on a slight change in Porter value chain model, tried to provide an executive instruction for creating an agricultural value chain.
Lack of awareness of market factors about the value chain, the existence of economic issues and defective links that practically do not create value, has prevented the establishment of continuity in the supply chain and value links in the agricultural sector. The results of this study led to the development of a strategic model for creating an agricultural value chain and an executive instruction.
Familiarity of entrepreneurs and economic actors in the agricultural sector with the benefits of the value chain and the development of supportive laws can help in forming, developing and completing agricultural value chains.

Climate change and the resulting vulnerability has been emphasized in developing nations increasingly. Regarding the vulnerable situation of Iran, this phenomenon may cause more adverse effects. There is a great divergence among the Iranian provinces in terms of their ability and capability to cope with the climate change effects, needing for more deeply investigation.
The objective of this study is to measure the vulnerability of the Iranian provinces and to examine their readiness to cope with the damages.
Vulnerability measurement includes measuring three components of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Different variables were used to measure these components. The compatibility index was measured by subtracting the vulnerability score from the readiness score for each province. The most recent data was applied to calculate the indices.
The results showed that all provinces, to some extent, are vulnerable to climate change and there is an insignificant difference among them in terms of vulnerability; however, they may be clearly distinguished in terms of their readiness. Boushehr, Charmahal and Bakhtiari and Alborz were found to be more vulnerable with scores ranging from 0.55 to 0.65 while Ilam, Isfahan and Qazvin with scores of 0.35-0.45 were classified as provinces with lowest vulnerability. Based on the readiness scores, Tehran ranked as the first one with score of 0.84 while the corresponding value for other provinces were obtained less than 0.45. The final score or compatibility index of Tehran was obtained 0.65 followed by Semnan, Qazvin and Isfahan with corresponding values of 0.45-0.48.

The economic growth of any country may change due to external shocks. Disruption of the economy caused by events can change the rate of growth and GDP of countries. In the last decade, among the existing shocks, the shock caused by infectious diseases, including COVID-19, which has affected the world economy can be mentioned. In this study, the effect of infectious diseases on greenhouse gas emissions in middle- and low-income countries in the period 2000-2019 was investigated and for this purpose, the relationship between economic growth and Kuznets environmental model for this group of countries was considered. While examining the Kuznets environmental hypothesis using direct and indirect elasticities, the effect of infectious disease on economic growth and reducing greenhouse gas emissions was calculated. The results showed that in countries located in Asia, Africa, as well as North and South America, which are often more populous with lower national incomes and lower in terms of development, the outbreaks of infectious diseases have less effect on CO2 emissions. The greatest effect of the infectious diseases on reducing greenhouse gas emissions with elasticities of 0.044 and 0.033 are related to Ukraine and Botswana, respectively. In each outbreak of infectious diseases in the world, the environment has improved and it is expected that until a cure for the new coronavirus is found, global CO2 emissions, especially in countries in lower and middle- income group in 2020, will decrease.

Today, in order to meet the food needs of the growing population, agricultural systems have slightly increased their production by using new technologies. Although this increase in production has been able to solve the problem of food shortages to some extent, but has always been associated with adverse environmental consequences and problems with the health status of humans and other living organisms due to reduced food quality. This has raised concerns about health, safety and the environment in food production and consumption. Accordingly, consumers are looking for a variety of products with higher quality and healthier. Although the demand for organic and healthy food is increasing, these products face problems in entering the consumer basket of households.

The present study attempts to understand the underlying reasons for consumer resistance toward consuming organic food using the theoretical framework of innovation resistance theory (IRT).The required data were collected by collecting 100 questionnaires in 2020 from the citizens of Khuzestan. Structural Equation Modeling approach has been used to analyze the collected data.

The results showed that value barrier shared a negative association with consumer buying behavior. In other words, price plays a decisive role in consumer buying behavior. Therefore, the higher the price difference between organic food products and alternative products, can have a negative effect on consumers' purchases of these products. Another barrier that affects consumer purchasing is barriers to use. This means that access to organic food information and sales centers has a significant impact on the purchase of organic food. The results also showed that despite the significant effect of risk and consumer distrust in these products, consumers tend to consume these products and consumers consider these products healthier than traditional products.

Given the importance of important economic variables, examining the relationship between these variables and their interaction with each other is one of the research priorities of economists and economic policy makers.
In this study, using the vector auto regression method (VAR) in which all variables are endogenous and do not emphasize any specific economic theory, we examine the relationship between economic variables such as gasoline, diesel, bread, rice and exchange rate.
According to the results obtained from the study of Response functions and Variance Decomposition, the variables are affected by gasoline and diesel and since these goods are essential and basic goods consumed by society and also part of diesel And the gasoline needed by the society is supplied through imports and because the import prices are affected by the exchange rate.
It is proposed to reduce the import of petroleum products, increase the supply of petroleum products through the construction of new refineries, production capacity to reduce the impact of shocks on petroleum products and consequently reduce price fluctuations in consumer goods.