نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 70 (بهار 1402)

The morphology of the city is focused on the continuity of its physical form and structure, and while it is influenced by the culture, society and activities of the citizens over time, it has a significant impact on the citizens and the local community living in any urban context. Urban morphology is one of the main factors in controlling the urban form, and the analysis of its patterns is the basis of planning the development of the urban environment, and therefore, it has a direct impact on social vulnerability. As one of the old cities of Iran, which has its own historical identity, Kerman has not been immune from the damage of industrial and modern development, and like many other historical cities of Iran, it is experiencing development without considering the context. The purpose of this study is to elaborate and describe the physical-physical morphological factors and the statistics of the influencing factors on social vulnerabilities in the old context of Kerman and to prioritize the contribution of each of them and to categorize the constituent variables under each of the factors. In this study, the logic of reasoning, inference Is. After extracting factors and components affecting social vulnerabilities in historical urban contexts from library studies, data from field researches are analyzed and evaluated. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey, and the evaluation, classification and analysis of converging factors have been done through the data collected from the preparation and distribution of the questionnaire. Finally, the data has been analyzed with the exploratory factor analysis test. The scope of the research is in the central core of the historical context of Kerman. The findings of the study of 36 variables in this context show that these variables represent six main factors, which are, respectively, based on the priority of influencing social damage in the historical context of Kerman: physical and physical conditions of the neighborhood with an emphasis on preserving the historical identity of the context, high vulnerability The historical context of Kerman against natural and unnatural hazards such as earthquakes and fires, the occurrence of inequalities and social injustice in this region from the people's point of view, the manifestation of changes in the social context due to new constructions and changes in behavioral patterns and lifestyles in the context, the occurrence of crime in new urban situations which has recently been built in the context and finally causes deterioration, pollution and informal life that may be created as a threat due to new interventions in the historical context.

The façade of a building is its exterior expression and a key component of urban body; reflecting its identity, history, and culture. Many places of  he world exercise regulations for urban appearance including building facades. This research focuses on the issue of incompliance with façade  regulations which needs to be addressed. Urban management seeks to regulate the environment through guidelines. However, regulations disregarding the fundamental requirements of the design, implementation and control contribute to disorder. This study discusses façade structure and the historical trend of respective regulations and then, analyzes the effects of façade regulations on residential buildings and the corresponding pathology. This is a comparative-analytical and analytical-inferential study conducted via library research, field studies, and investigation of respective provisions. Initially, the facades of ordinary residences in Valenjak Neighborhood were analyzed and compared to regulations. The findings indicate the relative and mostly acceptable compliance of the facades with guidelines, while revealing the ambiguity and inefficiency of the regulations regarding the relationships among individual facades and toward urban fabric. These findings were presented to experts with interviews to find the deficiencies and determine the solution. Next the data was inferentially analyzed via SPSS. The experts believed that the incorrect structure of law development, complacency in meeting the expectations of stakeholders, cultivation, updating the regulations, and infrastructural flaws were the key defects. The key solutions would be consideration of stakeholder demands and capabilities, attraction of public participation, education of experts and managers, consideration of parameters such as land value and flexibility of lawmaking mechanisms, proper implementation of guidelines and participative supervision over the process, updating audit tools, respect for public rights, and reward/penalty policies.

Improving the waste management system requires an all-out effort to increase public awareness and participation, create expertise and invest in infrastructure, and upgrade management systems in municipalities as the custodians of waste management. Therefore, the present research has been conducted to identify and prioritize factors affecting the success of strategic waste management planning in the 12th district of Tehran. The required data were collected by 46 researcher-made questionnaires, including experts, managers and employees of the Municipal Waste Management Organization of Tehran Region 12. The questionnaire results were analyzed using FCMapper and Pajek software, and a fuzzy cognitive map was prepared. Factors of informing the citizens in time (C31), considering the necessary arrangements for the provision of equipment (C27), checking network connections to prevent disruption in inter-organizational and extra-organizational communication (C29), domestic and international investment in Communication infrastructure (C33) and satisfaction with the organization's success (C20) are five crucial factors in terms of centrality. Also, the results showed that communication factors (with an average rating of 8.47) and training and strategic development of human resources (with an average rating of 8.21) have the most significant impact among the factors affecting the success of strategic planning in waste management. As a result, the waste management model gets the most credit from these factors. Thus, it is suggested to pay more attention to the components of these factors. Also, it seems necessary to use expert human resources and update their knowledge by using appropriate and practical training, developing the field of participation and interaction between the waste management organization and citizens.

Rural governorates are one of latest local institutions in the rural management system, which were established in recent years in order to organize the obvious gap of rural management. The purpose of this study was to analyze the capabilities of Hamadan's rural governorates for crisis management, which was done by a surveying strategy. The statistical population of this study included rural governors of Hamedan province, which according to the latest statistics were 716 people. A sample of 250 participants were selected via systematic random sampling. The capabilities of rural governors in rural crisis management were identified and then analyzed using Smart PLS software. The results showed that the most important capabilities of rural governors before the crisis were: "educational", "coordination and organizational ", and "health care". The capabilities during the crisis were recognized as "information", "organizing groups" and "security" measures. Finally, the post-crisis capabilities involved "reconstruction", "damage assessment", and "facilities and services". Providing modular training for rural governors, in establishing emergency mass notification and alerting system, and facilitating specific social media applications seem imperative for improving crisis management in rural areas.

There is a complex relationship between the interaction of people and their physical environment. The dominant view on these interactions are in line with physiological approaches, considers comfort as a physical phenomenon and seeks to form a "comfort index" that is based on understanding how Define the effect of the physical characteristics of the environment on the personal condition of the residents; While this relationship is more complicated than what can be determined only with such an index. People do not passively interact with their thermal environment.On the one hand, this effort is related to the physiological condition and on the other hand, it is related to the mental conditions of people to provide satisfaction with the thermal environment. For this reason, research approaches in this field go beyond "quantitative studies" to predict the comfort zone. From this point of view, it seems necessary to pay attention to qualitative processes in order to adapt the human being to the surrounding environment and his needs.The research method is a case study and a field study, in which by analyzing some variables related to the aforementioned factors, by completing 100 questionnaires, visitors to Naqsh Jahan Square in Isfahan in different winter time periods are provided by prioritizing the research criteria in SPSS 26 software. be made The result of this research shows that paying attention to individual judgments based on qualitative approaches and changes in the range of thermal comfort resulting from global standards and turning to its localization has a significant role in modifying environmental patterns towards sustainability.

Biological mechanical treatment is a waste management method that has been developed in many countries of the world, which combines the separation of recyclable materials (metals, paper, plastic, glass), composting/digestion of green waste/food waste and in some cases production It is fuel. Different countries use different approaches to recover materials and energy from mixed municipal solid waste. These plants are different according to the composition of raw materials, operating conditions, investment cost, financial stability and environmental effects. Compost products of most facilities examined did not  with agricultural standards and therefore are not classified as compost - like output and are used as daily cover in landfills. The best method of composting is the use of waste separated in the source and organic materials (green space and other green waste) and the production of compost that can be sold and used. Biological mechanical treatment plants in which recovery of fuel materials is not performed, landfill diversion rate as well as capital and operation costs are lower. In this study, we came to the conclusion that a biological mechanical treatment plant must have a very efficient coating line for material separation and recovery. Also, in addition to recycled products, there should be a stream for recovering fuel materials to be sent to the power plant or cement factory, which will increase income and divert from burial and maximize greenhouse gas savings.

In contemporary urban planning, the development and domination of riding and the large volume of traffic have provoked less attention of urban planners and designers for pedestrian movement and his natural human rights and needs, and gradually giving priority to the role of pedestrians and pedestrian-oriented urban spaces. It has faded. Commercial streets and its sidewalks are an example of commercial spaces that have maintained their position in cities since the past until now, according to the issues that become cities for commuting. The comfort of women as a large part of the audience of this space is important, and these arenas must be responsive to their users for success. The metropolis of Kermanshah is not an exception to this rule, and the predominance of riding spaces over the pedestrian paths of Mossadegh and Nobahar commercial streets has narrowed the arena for the presence of citizens, especially women. Therefore, the aim of this research is two-sided and seeks answers to these questions: What factors are effective on the spatial quality of commercial street sidewalks and how much of women's needs for comfort and convenience are provided according to the facilities available on the sidewalk? This research is qualitative and data analysis is used for the final evaluation. First of all, this research deals with the knowledge of sidewalk elements, space quality indicators and women's comfort components using documentary studies and library resources. Then, based on the concepts extracted from the theoretical part and the relationship between the comfort needs of women and the indicators of the quality of sidewalk space, the evaluation of the level of comfort of women is realized by the field method and presence on the sidewalks and questionnaires. Data measurement was done using percentage and reliability assessment with SPSS software. The results indicate that the biggest problems of women on the sidewalks are the lack of physical and physiological comfort in the area of ​​passage, rider area and furniture area (improper lighting) and psychological comfort in both streets, especially in Nobahar, is acceptable.

Today, rapid urban growth has affected all cities in small, medium, and large scales, which includes the urban environment and has a direct relationship with the quality of urban life and its sustainability. Therefore, in this research, the process of heterogeneous physical expansion of the small city of Jajarm and the most important effects of this growth on the environmental components have been analyzed. This study was the descriptive-analytical method. The data collection method was based on a survey and documentary. Therefore, the researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The sampling method was probabilistic and snowball, which 30 people have been questioned in the snowball sampling. Findings illustrated that the growth of Jajarm city in the years between 1335 to 1395 has been uneven and heterogeneous that This issue has affected different parts of the city, especially the environment. In order to estimate the impact of heterogeneous growth of Jajarm city on environment many components have been evaluated including waste, wastewater management, green space, health care, water resources, natural hazards, and air quality, which the first three components are the most affected and the latter three components are the least affected by this change. The result is that the city of Jajarm, in a short period, which this increase was not planned but has grown spontaneously in a spiral pattern. So, except in some of the indicators in all the studied indicators, the test value averages obtained were higher than the assumed average and has been indicating the heterogeneous growth of the city and its negative impact on the quality of environmental indicators.

The emergence of sustainable development concept and its application in housing has provided of this topic for entry to residential design. To provide expectations and practices of sustainable housing design it is necessary to   revise rules and regulations along with concepts of sustainable development. The aim of this research is ranking of the rules and regulations in middle-class housing spatial structure based on sustainability dimensions. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data collection is combined (qualitative and quantitative) method. The components and characteristics of sustainability dimensions have been explained according to theoretical sustainable development and analysis interpretation of related scientific sources. The rules and regulations of each spatial structure have been determined by examining documents and library contents. Weight of design dimensions have been determined by FAHP method and rules and regulations have been ranked by the FTOPSIS method. Results of the research show that rules and regulations with closeness coefficient higher than median (0.5) are: Lot Coverage (mass and space ratio), building mass of semi-open spaces (balcony, porch and terrace), facade, patio, height and number of floors, parking (ramp), yard, organization of interior spaces, residential spaces (bed room, living room), kitchen, openings (lighting and ventilation). They are more important than other rules and regulations. It is necessary, to goals of sustainable housing design, they should be considered in policy phase and design phase.