فصلنامه علوم روانشناختی
پیاپی 124 (تیر 1402)

Research shows that mothers with children of intellectual disabilities use ineffective coping strategies that have negative effects on the quality of their interactions. Interventions are needed to equip mothers in this field. There is a research gap regarding the effectiveness of teaching psychological capital components on coping strategies and parent-child interaction in this category of mothers.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the efficacy of teaching psychological capital components on coping strategies and parent-child interaction in mothers with children with intellectual disabilities.

The method of the current research was semi-experimental, with a pre-test and post-test with a control group with a one-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research is made up of mothers with daughters with intellectual disabilities whose children were studying in exceptional primary girls' schools in Tehran in the academic year 1401-1400. 40 mothers were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (20 experimental and 20 control). The tools used in this research were coping strategies questionnaires (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984) and parent-child interaction (Pianta, 1994). The experimental group was exposed to 16 training sessions. Data were analyzed using the multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The results of the research showed that the post-test scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group in the variables of problem-oriented coping strategies and parent-child interaction also there has been a decrease in emotion-oriented coping strategy (p<0.01). The effects of the program in the follow-up phase were stable on problem-oriented coping strategies and parent-child interaction and there has been a significant decrease in the emotion-oriented coping strategy.

Considering the effectiveness of the psychological capital component training program on coping strategies and improving parent-child interaction in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities, it is necessary to pay attention to the individual empowerment of mothers and strengthen their psychological resources.

According to the theory of sensitivity to reinforcement, behavioral differences of people in sensitivity to reward and avoidance of punishment are the basis of stable personality, mood, and mental and cognitive differences. People with a behavioral inhibition system turn to defense, inhibition, and avoidance when faced with a threatening situation. Another group of behavioral activation systems is looking for positive motivations. Reward-sensitive people tend to drive, make risky decisions, and engage in risky health behaviors. Based on this, there is a research gap in the field of using neurophysiology methods in determining behavioral activation and inhibition systems and possibly the relationship between alpha power and activation of behavioral brain systems and a model that can predict the type of behavioral brain system of people.

Considering the research gap, this study is designed and implemented with the aim of providing a neurophysiology method to determine the behavioral brain systems based on the data obtained from the electroencephalography analysis of people.

The research method is correlational and based on regression equation modeling. A sample of 300 students of the Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology of Tabriz University were randomly screened using Carver and Wright's questionnaire (1994) and 15 subjects were assigned to the activation group and another 15 subjects were assigned to the behavioral inhibition group. The selection criterion was to obtain a score of more than one standard deviation higher than the average in inhibition and activation scores. Brain waves were recorded with a 19-channel Norscan amplifier based on the international 10-20 system.

The statistical analysis of the results showed that the average alpha power in two groups with different behavioral core systems is statistically significant (p<0.05). In addition, the correlation between alpha power and behavioral brain systems was statistically significant at the p<0.05 level. Then, a model was determined using regression analysis, and the coefficients were significant at the p<0.01 level.

The results of the present study indicate that a linear regression model has been obtained. The model was able to significantly separate the behavioral inhibition group from the behavioral activation group. After confirmation with similar studies, the model can be used as a neurophysiological tool in business centers for employment, as well as in counseling, psychotherapy, and psychiatric clinics.

Therapeutic relationship is one of the most important aspects of psychotherapy, and quantitative methods have been the most popular approach for conducting research in this field. However, during the recent decade, qualitative research has opened new ways of understanding client-therapist relationships. Among the qualitative methods, the phenomenological perspective has turned the clients’ experience of the therapeutic relationship into an opportunity to enrich researchers' views on the therapeutic process where literature on Iranian samples suffers a noticeable gap.

This study seeks the answer to the question of how the therapeutic relationship is experienced by clients. The current study aims at an immediate and phenomenological account of the therapeutic relationship essence from the client’s point of view.

This study is carried out with the qualitative approach and uses descriptive phenomenology as its method. The participants were 6 former psychotherapy clients, selected purposefully from volunteers based on the predetermined inclusion criteria as representatives of the former psychotherapy clients population. The data was provided by in-depth semi-structured interviews and was analyzed using Giorgi’s four-phased procedure (2003).

The meaning constituents are illustrated in main 5 domains: centrality of relationship and alliance vs intervention, metaphorical understanding of therapy as a facilitator of the experience, active participation of the client in narration-experience dialogue, genuineness, empathy, and positive unconditional regard: the essence of the therapeutic relationship, importance of the person of therapist and contribution of her relational-interpersonal effects to the interactional field of therapy.

According to the findings, the therapeutic experience can be contextualized in the mutual and responsive relationship between the client and therapist. The findings may be useful for psychotherapy supervisors and trainees as a guide in enhancing the therapeutic relationship and alliance.

Since the expansion of new technologies, the development of media literacy, and the lack of sufficient movement of people have led to motor illiteracy, the use of new educational approaches can increase the level of children's physical literacy.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of cognitive-motor intervention on physical literacy and enjoyment of physical activity among female students in a two-month follow-up plan.

The present research is semi-experimental. The statistical population included female students aged 10 to 12 years old in Yazd city, 40 of them (20 in the experimental group, 20 in the control group) using the purposeful sampling method and performing physical literacy tests and completing the enjoyment of physical activity questionnaire by Moore et al. (2001) participated in this research in the form of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The experimental group participated in the cognitive-motor program for 18 sessions, 3 sessions per week, and the control group did their usual activities and did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was performed using mixed analysis of variance with repeated measurement and independent t-test at a significance level of p≤0.05.

The results showed that the participants of the experimental group performed better in physical literacy and enjoyment of physical activity in the post-test and follow-up than the pre-test, but in the control group, there was no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. Also, comparing the groups, the results showed that the participants of the experimental group performed better than the control group in terms of motivation in physical literacy and enjoyment of physical activity.

According to the findings of the present study, cognitive-motor intervention can be used to develop physical literacy and increase the enjoyment of physical activity in female students.

Adolescents mainly have problems coping with the changes of adolescence, and in the meantime, most of them suffer from emotional dysregulation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the effect of mode deactivation therapy and emotion regulation on reducing the problems of disordered emotion seeking among adolescent girls.

The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with the control group, among the adolescents who visited Bahroyan, Rayin, and Golestan clinics in Isfahan city, 30 of them who, using the Emotional Regulation Difficulty Questionnaire (Gertz and Romer, 2004) and clinical interview were diagnosed with emotional dysregulation and met the conditions to enter the research, they were selected and placed in three groups (10people) mode deactivation therapy, emotion regulation and control. They received 8 weeks and the people of the control group were placed on the waiting list and did not receive any intervention during this period. The people present in the research answered the above questionnaire again at the end. After that, the data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis.

The findings showed that both emotion regulation and mode deactivation interventions were effective on the emotional dysregulation of adolescent girls, but the effect of emotion regulation therapy on reducing emotional dysregulation was greater than mode deactivation therapy (P<0.05).

The results of the research show that emotion regulation therapy was probably more effective than mode deactivation thrapy due to its educational content and concreteness.

Adolescence is a sensitive period of dynamic changes in many systems, which, according to research, is important for dissatisfaction with body image, in the sense of a person's mental perception of the development of his body image. Investing too much on physical appearance, which is associated with mental preoccupation and emotional fluctuations, is one of the reasons for teenage girls' dissatisfaction with body image. Studies show the role of family cohesion, stress and quality of life in a person's body image, and there is a research gap in examining the body image of people who have more self-compassion.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between family cohesion, stress and quality of life with body image satisfaction in adolescent girls.

The method of the present study was descriptive correlation of structural equations type. The statistical population of the research included female students aged 12 to 24 years in Tehran in 1400, 250 of them were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method, and after dropping 50 people from the sample group, the data of 200 of them were analyzed. The data collection tools included five questionnaires: Family cohesion questionnaire (Samani, 2002), Adolescent Stress Questionnaire (Byrne & Mazanov, 2002), Quality of Life Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 1996), Body Image Concern Inventory (Littleton et al. 2005) and Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The analysis of the data collected using SPSS statistical software version 26 and Amos software version 24 is presented in two parts: descriptive findings and model analysis findings.

The obtained findings indicate that the model of body image satisfaction based on quality of life, family cohesion and stress with the mediating role of self-compassion in teenage girls has a good fit (P>0.05).

According to the findings obtained in the present study, it seems that self-compassion plays a mediating role in the relationship between family cohesion, stress, and quality of life with satisfaction with body image in teenage girls. The results of this research can be a guide for families and school counselors in order to promote self-compassion, family cohesion, quality of life and reduce stress in teenage girls and improve body image satisfaction.

Many children with math learning disabilities encounter challenges related to attention, response inhibition, and verbal comprehension. Cognitive rehabilitation has been recognized as an effective intervention for enhancing the learning abilities of these children. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research regarding the design, development, and effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation tools.

This study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation on attention, response inhibition, and verbal comprehension in children with mathematical learning disabilities.

This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test measurements, including a control group. The statistical population consisted of students with math learning disabilities who were referred to centers for learning disorders and cognitive rehabilitation in areas 2, 5, 15, and 18 of Tehran. From this population, a purposive sample of 30 individuals was selected and randomly assigned to two groups: experimental (15 individuals) and control (15 individuals). To diagnose math learning disabilities, the Key-Math examination was used. The experimental group received twelve 50-60 minute sessions of intervention using a researcher-made package called Morva, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The children’s’ performance before and after the intervention was evaluated by the Children’s fourth Wechsler test (Wechsler, 2003) < . Analysis of covariance for the data was conducted in SPSS 22 software.

The results showed that the group receiving cognitive rehabilitation program had a significant improvement compared to the control group in attention and response inhibition variables (p<0.001), but had no significant effect on verbal comprehension (p>0.05)

Considering the positive impact on attention and response inhibition variables in children with math learning disabilities, we recommend the utilization of the MORVA cognitive rehabilitation package as an effective intervention for professionals working in this field.

Career interventions include preparing the career for children, including equipping them with the skills, education, and experiences necessary to pursue the goals of the career. Starting this process early is essential because it can help children identify their interests and strengths, set goals, and decide on their future career. Despite the importance of career interventions on career development, there is a research gap in this field regarding children.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of career intervention on children's career development.

The current research design was a semi-experimental, pre-test - post-test type with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all male students of the third grade of primary school in the city of Isfahan in the academic year 2022-2023. The statistical sample included 30 people who were selected by cluster-random sampling method and randomly replaced in two groups of 15 people. Intervention sessions based on travel in the world of profession and work (Prideaux et al., 2000) were conducted in 10 sessions of 120 minutes for the participants of the experimental group, but no intervention was conducted for the members of the control group. To collect data, childhood career development scale (Schultheiss & Stead, 2004) was used, and for data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and SPSS26 software were used.

The findings of the research showed that career intervention is effective on children's career progress. Covariance analysis of scores of information, curiosity/exploration, sources of control, key figures, time perspective and planning in the studied groups showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P<0.05), that is, career intervention can Improve the grades of experimental group students. Also, the covariance analysis of interest and self-concept scores in the studied groups showed that there is no significant difference between the groups (P<0.05), which means that the career intervention could not increase the scores of the experimental group participants.

According to the results of the present study, it seems that career interventions, by increasing self-awareness, career knowledge and decision-making skills, have been effective in helping children's career development. These interventions also enable children to explore different career options and make informed decisions about their career paths.

Despite the expansion of the use of treatment methods such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in clinical and research situations, few studies examine the exact effect of these methods and their co-influence on psychological variables, especially in the case of psychosomatic complaints.

The main purpose of this study is to compare the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy with dialectical behavior therapy on women's psychosomatic complaints during the Corona pandemic.

The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a one-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of the study was all women aged 20-60 years old who had a file in two centers in Adiban and Khaneh Behi in 2021. In total, 45 patients were selected by the purposive sampling method through screening and entered the study. The selected patients were divided into three groups (every 15 samples were chosen randomly). Individuals in ACT and DBT each received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of treatment intervention online weekly, the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tool was the Psychosomatic Complaints questionnaire Takata and Sakata (2004). The data were analyzed using the mixed analysis of variance test.

The findings showed that in the post-test phase, both intervention methods had a significant effect on reducing women's psychosomatic complaints (P<0.05). In the follow-up phase, two interventions significantly reduced women's psychosomatic complaints, but no statistically significant difference was observed between the two interventions (P>0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy are effective in reducing women's psychosomatic complaints. Therefore, awareness and application of these strategies can be effective in reducing women's psychosomatic complaints during the Corona era.

Systematic review of research shows that infidelity and marital infidelity cause the most damage to the relationship between spouses and can even destroy the relationship.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and logo therapy on forgiveness and marital trust of women affected by marital infidelity seeking divorce.

The present research was a quasi-experimental method of pre-test and post-test with a control group. From the community of women affected by marital infidelity, divorce applicants referring to family counseling centers in Babol city using available sampling of 48 women (16 women in the reality therapy group, 16women in the logotherapy group and 16 women in the control group) were selected and were assigned randomly. All three groups completed the Pollard et al. (1998) Marital Forgiveness Questionnaire and the Rampel & Holmes (1986) Marital Trust Questionnaire in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. After collecting data, the data were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance using SPSSV22 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in both variables of marital forgiveness and marital trust (F = 3.955 and P = 0.001). In other words, the results showed that both reality therapy and logotherapy interventions were effective in the research variables, but there was no significant difference between the two interventions of reality therapy and logotherapy in any of the variables (P <0.05).

Finally, the results of this study showed that both reality therapy and logotherapy interventions are effective in promoting marital forgiveness and marital trust. Therefore, the awareness of couple therapists, counselors, psychologists and other specialists can help reduce marital infidelity and divorce.

One of the strong tendencies in human beings is "authoritarianism" or "power-seeking" and includes people who want to dominate others in their social relations; They want to be at the top of the family power pyramid, and when they are at a higher level, they seek to dominate their subordinates. Different situations and states affect authoritarianism. One of the places where such behaviors are abundant is the prison.

The aim of this study was to predict the degree of authoritarianism of clients in Shiraz Central Prison based on age, gender and marital status.

This study was a descriptive correlational study. For this purpose, among the central prisoners of Shiraz, 374 people were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected through the Skinner et al.’s (2005) authoritarianism in the family questionnaire and the Skinner et al.’s (2005) parenting style questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed using univariate t-test, correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance with SPSS software.

The results showed that the mean score of the client’s authoritarianism variable was 3.57, which is higher than the cut-off point 3 (mean scale) and was significance level of p <0.01; This indicates the high level of authoritarianism of the clients. There is a negative and significant relationship between age and authoritarian behavior of clients in Shiraz Central Prison at significance level of p<0.01. It can also be said that men with an average authoritarianism scale of 3.136 have more authoritarian behavior towards women and finally there is a significant difference between clients' authoritarianism and their marital status (being a divorce-child, divorced and normal group). Which indicates that high authoritarian behavior in the children from divorced families was at the level of p<0.001.

It seems that the factor of imprisonment, age, gender and family status play an effective role in the degree of authoritarianism. However, attention to such factors in the degree of authoritarianism can be considered by researchers in more examples and different cultures for managing authoritarian behavior.

Research evidence suggests that marital infidelity can have irreparable consequences for couples, however, the role of forgiveness as a key variable can neutralize this to some extent. Therefore, dealing with effective treatments for women's forgiveness after their husband's betrayal has been neglected.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based treatment and treatment schemas on forgiveness in women affected by infidelity.

The present study was applied and quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and two-month follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of the study included all women affected by infidelity who lived in Tehran in 1401-1400 and referred to counseling centers. The sample consisted of 60 betrayed women who were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. They all completed the Heartland Forgiveness Questionnaire in three stages: pretest, posttest, and two-month follow-up, and the experimental groups received schema therapy interventions and acceptance and commitment-based therapy. After data collection, the data were analyzed using mixed variance analysis by SPSSV19 software.

The results showed that there was a significant difference in the variable of forgiveness and all its components between the groups of schema therapy and treatment based on acceptance and commitment with the control group (P<0.05) and therapeutic interventions promoted forgiveness. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups of schema therapy and acceptance and commitment based therapy (P>0.05).

Therefore, it can be said that schema therapy and treatment methods based on acceptance and commitment to forgiveness were effective in women after infidelity, and therefore the knowledge of psychologists, counseling and health experts about these treatments is helpful to promote forgiveness of betrayed women.