نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی نواحی ساحلی
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 13، تابستان 1402)

Assessing the level of sustainability and success of afforestation provides a suitable strategy and guide for accurately locating forest development and restoration operations. The sustainability in mangroves afforestation in the 7 habitats of Sistan-o-Balouchestan province, Iran, was assessed through quantitative indicators including area changes, density changes, height growth, and forest generation. Satellite image visual interpretation and random sampling method were employed for this study. Over a 16-year period, 5457000 mangrove seedlings were planted in the coastal areas, primarily spaced 3 × 3 meters apart. The results showed that 1170 hectares of coastal land in the province were initially allocated for mangrove afforestation, but by 2011, this area had decreased to 303.9 hectares. According to this research, the Pouzm and Tang sites are highly unstable, while the Tiss and Galak sites are also classified as high unstable. The Naserabad and Birdaf sites are categorized as unstable, whereas the Rashedi site stands out as highly stable. This study indicated a successful afforestation rate of 25.9 percent. Stability analysis indicated that except of Rashidi habitat, other afforestation habitats are not in a stabile state. The main reasons for the 74.1 percent failure of afforestation were poor site selection and Gono storm on 2007.

The present study focuses on the impact of natural environmental and ecosystem factors on the happiness of the citizens of Ahvāz, within the scope of geographical health. The city of Ahvāz faces environmental issues such as air and dust pollution, lack of green spaces, marginalization and inequality in service delivery, waste and sewage pollution, water quality, and flood crises in the Kārun River basin. The present research was practical and descriptive-analytical. The utilized tools consisted of a researcher-made questionnaire and the standardized Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. The statistical population included citizens of Ahvāz (both female and male) within the age range of 15 years and above (887,280 individuals). The sample size, based on Cochran's formula, was 385 individuals, and a relative stratified sampling method was employed in six selected neighborhoods: Shahrak-e Naft, Kiānpars, Gate Boostān, Ᾱmeri, Manba'e Ᾱb, and Kooye Alavi. SPSS and GIS softwares, and the Cocoso method were used for data analysis. The findings indicated that natural environmental and ecosystem factors have an impact on the happiness of Ahvāz citizens. Factors such as air and dust pollution score -0.132, waste and sewage status score -0.109, and flood natural hazard score -0.077, negatively affect the level of citizens' happiness. Moreover, there are differences among the studied neighborhoods in terms of the susceptibility of happiness levels to natural environmental and ecosystem factors, particularly in Kooye Alavi and Manba'e Ᾱb neighborhoods. Finally, some recommendations provided including improving the quality of the environment, utilizing the potential of the Kārun River, and optimizing the use of abandoned and neglected spaces along this axis, transforming them into attractive areas for people's presence.

Flood management is a comprehensive approach that includes multiple evaluation indicators in the river basin and an effective and stable but complex method. Flood risk assessment provides valuable information for flood management in order to assess vulnerability and exposure to risk. The method of the current research, according to the nature of the problem and the subject under investigation, is descriptive-analytical and applied studies with emphasis on quantitative methods. In the current research, the regional changes in flood occurrences in the Gorgānroud watershed were investigated using information from meteorological stations (synoptic data) over a 30-year period (1999 to 2018), land use, plant cover, topographic moisture index, slope, elevation, lithology, distance from the river, river density, erosion, soil analysis, runoff, and simulated data of mean precipitation obtained from the HadCM3 model in LARS-WG under the SRA1B scenario for the years 2011 to 2045. In this study, two different approaches were employed. In the first approach, the LARS-WG model was used for downscaling to predict the future climate conditions (near and distant future), while in the second approach, the SWAT hydrological model was utilized to assess flood risk. Based on the percentage of potential hazards in the Gorgānroud watershed, zoning was conducted using the SWAT and GIS software in order to delineate the areas at risk. In this study, based on the SWAT model, the daily precipitation and daily temperature of synoptic stations were calibrated. The results have shown that climate change and the alteration of natural environmental conditions in the region have led to various consequences and impacts, including changes in precipitation patterns, the emergence of heterogeneity in historical data series, fluctuations in river water levels, reduction in agricultural production, changes in plant composition and productivity in grasslands, alterations in groundwater levels, and the occurrence of social and economic problems. Some behaviors in the time series of climatic elements are sudden, intense, and unstable, appearing unexpectedly. Physiographies factors such as slope, soil texture, land use, and rock permeability have caused different hydrological responses to precipitation events in various watershed areas, which significantly influence the occurrence and characteristics of flash floods.

The development of virtual tourism indicates the digitization of all processes and value sets in the tourism industry. The present study aimed to identify and explain the influential factors in the development of virtual tourism using a mixed-method approach. It was a qualitative strategy based on the utilization of data-driven theory and the paradigmatic model. In the testing phase, a descriptive-survey method was employed, wherein the derived qualitative model was tested using quantitative methods. In other words, the subject was elucidated through field studies and interviews. The data collection tools consisted of interviews and questionnaires, which were validated by university and non-university experts with prior consulting experience in tourism organizations within Guilan province. The reliability for each variable was higher than 0.7 The research population for the qualitative phase of the study consists of several experts in the tourism industry in Iran. The sample size was 12 individuals, and the sampling was conducted using two non-probability methods, namely purposive (judgmental) and snowball sampling. The research population for the quantitative phase included the experts in the tourism industry in Guilan province who have experience in tourism, technology, and related fields. These experts are considered part of the unlimited population. According to Cochran's formula, the required sample size for an unlimited population is 384. In the qualitative phase, the identification of factors influencing the development of virtual tourism was conducted. In this regard, by employing data-driven theory, 13 categories and 36 concepts were derived. The hypotheses of the study were analyzed in the quantitative stage using structural equation modeling analysis and the Lisrel software version 8.80. The results of the quantitative stage of the data have confirmed that the balanced evaluation of virtual tourism had an effect on value creation and balanced development in Gilan province. The management of virtual tourism structure on the development of virtual tourism performance, the design of customer-oriented strategy of virtual tourism on value creation, the design of customer-oriented strategy of virtual tourism on the development of virtual tourism performance, and the design of customer-oriented strategy of virtual tourism have been effective on the balanced development of virtual tourism in Guilan province.

This research aimed to analyze the awareness, attitude, and ecological behavior of citizens in Ᾱbādān in dealing with harmful ultraviolet radiation. A library method was used to identify the relationship between climate parameters and ultraviolet index, while a field method and questionnaire were employed to analyze the ecological behavior of citizens towards ultraviolet hazards. The statistical population included all citizens of Ᾱbādān, and the sample size was determined to be 384 using Cochran's formula. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through a pre-test and then completed through random sampling. Monthly averages of maximum, minimum, and average temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, cloudiness, sunshine hours, and ultraviolet radiation index (1951-2017) were obtained from the Ᾱbādān meteorological station. After estimating the monthly potential evaporation and transpiration, calculating the UNEP drought index and the Angot rainfall index, and plotting climatic diagrams, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination were used to examine the relationship between each of these factors and the ultraviolet index. The correlation coefficient between the ultraviolet index and relative humidity (-0.95) and cloudiness (-0.87) was found. The function (RSQ) also indicated the higher role of relative humidity (0.89) compared to cloudiness (0.76) in reducing the ultraviolet index. The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant difference in the level of awareness among the study groups in Ᾱbādān regarding awareness, education, attitude, and preventive measures. The results indicated that the level of awareness and education among citizens regarding harmful ultraviolet radiation is moderate, while they have a very high attitude towards this environmental issue and were somewhat familiar with preventive measures.

Nowadays, the development of knowledge-based cities has become one of the pervasive strategies for sustainable urban development and one of the most effective paradigms for future sustainable cities. In fact, the new millennium has been designated as the era of knowledge-based cities. However, the production of space in knowledge-based cities has its own requirements. Therefore, this research aimed to explore the production of space and the formation of knowledge-based zones using Henry Lefebvre's theory. The research was theoretical-foundational in nature, and its method was descriptive-analytical. The ontology was a combination of physical, mental, and organic factors, and its epistemology was interpretive and hermeneutic. The results of the research indicated that, based on Henry Lefebvre's theory, the production of space in knowledge-based cities includes physical aspects such as transforming the zoning of an area from "22i" (industrial) to "22 @" (new knowledge-based activities), creating zones based on mixed land use, urban diversity, density, and compactness, establishing various clusters consisting of energy, media, information and communication technology, and medical technology, and launching the 22@ Entrepreneurship System, Barcelona Activa, and Landing Platforms. Furthermore, it encompasses mental aspects such as adapting the new fabric to the new economy, making the space attractive for attracting elites, long-term flexibility, and ensuring sustainability in the future, as well as the role of urban planners and facilitators, and Barcelona's history in the application of mixed land use and creative industries. Additionally, the organic aspects include the creation of a mediatheque building as a communication center and meeting point for professionals, students, entrepreneurs, research and development centers, and information and communication technology institutions; promoting the Breakfast Update event 22@ to establish mutual communication between the specialist community and creating a sense of belonging to the place; implementing programs such as the Digital District to familiarize the older generation with digital educational programs; establishing a smart city campus to create a new space for urban innovation by bringing together companies, institutions, universities, and research centers in the field of information and communication technology; and fostering innovation ecosystems and urban planning within knowledge-based zones.