نشریه اندیشه حقوقی معاصر
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 10، پاییز 1401)

"Nahleh" is one of the financial rights that has been provided for the wife in Imami jurisprudence and subsequently in Iranian law. This institution was recognized by the legislator in 1992 in order to provide financial support to the wife and to achieve more justice for women in paragraph (b) of Note 6 of the Law on Amending Divorce Regulations, which can be defined in a short and useful definition. He considered the payment of a sum by the husband to the wife at the time of the divorce. In the latest developments in the field of family law, the legislature in 2012 repealed the law amending the provisions related to divorce. Nevertheless, the institution of "Nahleh" is considered an exception to this version, and as a result, the legislature has still upheld its provisions. Given these developments in the legislative process of this protectionist institution and the ambiguities and conflicts that have occurred in the concept of Nahla in the jurisprudence, the present article intends to respond to the contradictions in the jurisprudence and provide suggestions in this regard. The results of the research also show that Nahleh is a suitable institution for financial support of the wife; However, due to the uncertainty of its position and basis, especially in the judicial procedure, it does not have the necessary function as it should.

Abortion in legal actions is one of the events because it is realized by the will of the one who aborts. Of course, the agreement of the other party is also needed in the cancellation of the payment. Therefore, in this particular case, rescission is considered among contracts. It is always discussed in legal discussions whether it is possible to rescind rights that have not been created or not. In most cases, there is silence. The jurists have insisted on this right (abortion) and that the subject of the laws is valid, based on inference and the lack of explicit emphasis of the legislator. However, this issue has been considered invalid by famous jurists, especially Sheikh Ansari. In this article, while examining the legal and jurisprudential opinions, the opinions of Imam Khomeini in his works regarding the rule of " Malam Yajab " have been discussed in order to make a comparison between the opinions of contemporary jurists and his opinion regarding this rule of jurisprudence which is also in law. It has been authenticated.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and nature, and descriptive and analytical in terms of research method. The method of collecting information is also based on library studies that were collected with the data collection tool. In this research, it has been tried to explain the electronic document, the conditions of citing it in the courts, electronic signature, the obligations and effects resulting from it, and the legal conditions according to the law of electronic commerce in the contracts. The electronic registry, while it is possible to register a digital signature and prepare an electronic backup from the registration document; He will be able to deal with his daily and normal affairs and for example register real estate transactions. Of course, the competence of notary offices in this regard is general, and they have the ability to prepare any type of document. The results showed that electronic documents, unlike normal documents, can be cited if there are conditions in the document; Some obligations are related to the parties of an electronic document, others are related to the obligations of advertisers in the context of electronic exchanges. Also, maintaining the exchanged information in electronic documents is one of the important duties of the parties.

The purpose of this research is to examine the position of declaration distribution offices in registration rights and their role in delimiting property boundaries and its effects in proving the ownership of individuals. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and it is also practical in terms of its purpose. The method of collecting materials is also library studies which are collected through the collection of books, articles and related sources. The results showed that the first step for land registration is to stamp the license plate and insert it in the declaration distribution office. The regulation of the registration law was approved in 1317, and according to this regulation, the registration office is required to have a declaration distribution office, and most of the lands stamped with license plates in that year have been registered and have official ownership documents, and there are still lands. that due to some reasons, for example, a dispute between the owners or the low value of the land, etc., which has not been registered and remains in the initial stage, i.e., the plate is stamped, after resolving the dispute, it will lead to the issuance of a document through the registration process and formalities. If there is a dispute, these lands will be acquired by government departments or public institutions, and lawsuits will be filed in judicial authorities to receive the price of those lands.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the joint obligations of couples regarding non-financial issues and determine the guarantee of their implementation. The results showed that Iran's lawmaker has not considered any enforcement guarantee in the criminal laws regarding the exclusive non-financial obligations of the couple. In relation to the obligations that the wife has towards her husband, there is only a civil enforcement guarantee for the duty of compliance, which includes the loss of alimony and the right of oath. There is no enforceable guarantee in relation to the wife's residence in the husband's designated home, but considering that the wife's refusal to live in the husband's designated home is not a case of marriage without legitimate obstacles, in this case, the wife's refusal also causes the loss of alimony and oath. In relation to the joint obligations of the spouses, only the duties of loyalty and custody have an effective civil and criminal enforcement guarantee, but in relation to the duties of good company and assistance in strengthening the foundations of the family and raising children, only the civil enforcement guarantee, which consists of divorce and loss of alimony, is considered. and no guarantee of criminal execution has been considered. Iran's legislators have defined the majority of divorce cases as a guarantee for the couple's refusal to fulfill their marital obligations, which is also flawed in Iran's law.

one of the common aspirations and humanity, justice and justness. That justice cannot claim in line with different proceedings, judicial authorities, waiting for the realization of it. a fair trial and fair treatment of the official and judicial authorities in no way means considering litigants and the leniency irrational and rational charged with a crime or not seen , but also means that society in this limit the ability of rationality and that the ultimate goal of the final and the approval of the legislation ,which is the creation of the Justice and Development and protect the rights of the pleadings , understands and refused to yield of ignoring the rights of the parties that are meant to follow the trial of unfair,don't .Obviously any action which was intended to disrupt the process of implementation of the judicial justice and the capability to the realization of justice or corruption trial, is considered a crime against justice of the present study suggests that although Iranian legislators , as well as other criminal code in the criminal procedure code adopted by the 1392 to accurately , explicit and independent of the crimes against justice , but did not name is studying the law can be in various stages of handling - including the crime - discovery phase .Bob parable of May-power to the principle of innocence, the principle of timely awareness of evidence of alleged charges,accused the right of access to lawyers, privacy citizens and respect for their dignity and pointed out