نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 51 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

A summary of the teachings and main lines of Rumi's mystical thought with a balanced and democratic approach is presented to the audience in the story of " Dezh Hosh Ruba ". To be provided to the audience. Rumi, motivated by individualism, tries to take the seeker to the "symbolic realm" after reaching the "mirror stage" and passing through the "imaginary realm", which brings him closer to the soul and brings him closer to the realm of annihilation and survival in the eternal truth. has it. In this story, princes first experience a sense of loss and separation from the principle of truth by forbidding and warning their father. Then they start the journey in the form of a journey. After passing the stage of the mirror, they enter the imaginary realm. With the help of other small objects, they try to go from the imaginary world to the symbolic world to reach the truth. In the end, the little brother, by searching the girl inside himself. Rumi appears in the roles of seeker, guide, helper, etc and by leaving the story unfinished, emphasizes the immortality of the high human spirit and the continuity of divine love, the course of his life and the ultimate extinction and Fanai fi Allah. This article seeks to interpret and express the course of psychological development, evolution of the seeker and the manifestation of the subconscious mind in this story from the perspective of Jean Lacan in an interpretive-hermeneutic method and qualitative content analysis

David Herman believes that cognitive linguistics is the guide narration and, according to the function of the mind, cognitive narration measures the aspects of the story, wherever and in whatever order they are narrated. Herman considers the element companion qualia as an of the fundamental elements of narrative. He defines qualia as follows: narrative representation, highlighting the impact of story events on the minds of the actual or imaginary people; proves the experience of living in during the story to the reader.the question arises: what is the difference between the qualia and identification in narratology? Does Herman's mean from element qualia in a story was as the identification with the story?And we come to conclusion that identification is the attempt by the audience to put himself in the position of character in the story and to establish a close relationship with him, and qualia an effort made by the author to create a space, to inspire to the reader to the best way with the experience of living in the story space. the establishing of qualia in narrative of unique is the narrator, and the identification of unique of the narrative; and they have relationship each other directly. The more narrator succeeds in creating the quale, the audience is better placed in the story space and identification with the characters in the story better, of course, the qualia is one of the most effective factors in the identification, but in my opinion, it is the most important factor.

The manifestations of informed innovation in Abonovas songsAbonovas is one of the most famous modern poets in Abbasi era that he lined up and positioning toward ignorant poetry tradition and saw poetry as style and manner of predecessors useless and ineffective. Abonovas difference from his peers in this field not only poem attention was to new themes and throwing a new design in a static building and body of Arabic poetry, but also Abonovas declared disgust and struggle with all of ignorance heritage loudly and clearly. This paper studies explanation of call dimensions of this poetic coup of Abonovas and also analyzes and checks the manifestations of poet innovation in Arabic poetry informed as descriptive-analytic method. The research findings show that Abonovas in tallali (lover house ruins) introductions sometimes invited in leaving the beginning of the poetry in this style of ignorant and called his followers to describe wine gatherings. He occasionally mentioned ironically the name of places that used more in ignorant poetry. And of other poets set aside this ancient style of poetry and sometimes deals with comparison and balance of ignorance life and luxury life in Abbasi era and counts well-being and comfort in this life. The poet in Qazal introductions included more literacy arrays in his poetic images that convey the meanings deeper to the audience. It's also checking the description of lover position. The poet obeyed his specific style and described his trip and private events.

In the tax system, ransom and tribute were an important source of income for Iranshahr. These resources were provided through the payment of ransom and tribute from the people inside the country, or through the extortion and tribute of the princes of Iranshahri from the kings of other countries. In this regard, most of the rulers and kings of the lands and kingdoms played a significant role. In the mythology of Iran, lands such as Hamavaran, China, India, etc. were among the ransom paying countries of Iranshahris; Of course, some countries were either at war or at peace with Iranians. In any case, the powerful princes of Iran used to collect ransom and tribute from these countries and other kingdoms. In this study and research, while examining and extracting "ransoms", "tributes" and how to collect and pay tribute and the quality of its use in the construction and settlement and security of Iranshahr, it has been tried. The political relations and the behavior of the princes of Iranshahr in taking taxes (extortion and tribute) in peacetime or during war in dealing with the rulers and kings of different countries and kingdoms of the world and the people of Iranshahr should be evaluated. In the meantime, the attention and opinions of the Shahriars of Iranshahr have been more in collecting ransom and tribute from the people of Iranshahr.

In fiction, the motif can be a stylistic element and reveal the dominant theme or themes to the reader. Women writers make the most of this linguistic option and, in addition to creating constant sensitivity in the reader, direct the text to a specific artistic language. Shiva Arastuei's novel "khof" (=Fear) is one of these examples that deals with the "loneliness" and "fear" of man in modern age and expresses a feminine narrative of this loneliness and fear. In this article, we intend to examine the most important motifs in the novel "khof" and show what concepts the author has expressed in this way. These motifs are also characteristic of a feminine style in that they express the sensibilities of a female writer. The method of this research is "descriptive-analytical"; That is, first, data from the novel "khof" is described, and then, based on them, an analysis is performed and leads to a summary.

Sometimes magical realism is known as a historical-political and post-colonial way of writing stories, and sometimes as a method composed of a special literary vision and technique, and also as an exclusively local-regional style. As it can be seen from the background of the research, usually the existence of some components makes it possible to prove magical realism in a work. The different roles and importance of these components have given researchers a different perspective on the main and secondary nature of each of them, as well as the number of each.The components of the magical realism style have been investigated in different ways, and what is more or less agreed upon by the researchers is a combination of fantasy techniques and the facts of life. According to the comparative aim of the present article, the common use of some of these cases in a limited way shows the closeness of these two works, Hengam and A very old man with enormous wings, respectively written by Shahriar Mandanipour and Gabriel García Márquez. The present paper is a content-structural review and identifies and describes the identical components in these two stories.

This research paper seeks to apply Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s eco-phenomenology to a selection of poems written by the American poet and environmental activist, Gary Snyder. 'Eco-phenomenology' is the point where philosophy and ecology meet. This almost new favored trend in the academia’s perspective deals with the environmental issues from a phenomenological viewpoint. Dismantling Cartesian dualism and proposing the philosophy of 'chiasm,' Merleau-Ponty has contributed substantially to environmental ethics and has proved himself an inseparable part of eco-phenomenology.The present article focuses on one of Merleau-Ponty’s underlying theoretical premises, ‘chiasm’ to provide Snyder’s holistic and non-hierarchical worldview as the basis of his eco-poems and environmental activities. The present research paper, as a qualitative, descriptive, and library-based one, conducts both a textual and contextual analysis to bring to light a new discourse in Schneider's poetry with the focus on the mutual participation between human flesh and the ‘flesh of the world’ at moments of perception.

This study, Based on the theoretical foundations of the emotion of anger in psychology examines it in the proverbs of Dehkhoda. To achieve this goal, he used the method of "inferential content analysis" and, sample of research is a four-volume book such as Dehkhoda’s Amsalohkam The first, research data are described in the three discussions of manifestation of anger, reasons, and ways to control it in the above work. Then, Examining the content of parables shows the comprehensiveness of the discussion of anger in comparison with its topics in psychology, and the study of literary language shows that language serves the content and at the same time seeks to explain the subject of anger and its management strategies.Keywords: proverbs, Dehkhoda, Psychology, Excitement, Anger.This study, Based on the theoretical foundations of the emotion of anger in psychology examines it in the proverbs of Dehkhoda. To achieve this goal, he used the method of "inferential content analysis" and, sample of research is a four-volume book such as Dehkhoda’s Amsalohkam The first, research data are described in the three discussions of manifestation of anger, reasons, and ways to control it in the above work. Then, Examining the content of parables shows the comprehensiveness of the discussion of anger in comparison with its topics in psychology, and the study of literary language shows that language serves the content and at the same time seeks to explain the subject of anger and its management strategies.

Contemporary Iranian literature, especially poetry, takes on a different color from the constitutional period onwards, and innovation in the presentation of contemporary poetry is the most important literary achievement of this period, which is the first step on the way to modernity and standing against tradition. It is considered the predecessor of Persian literature. This feature can be examined in the fields of language, form, shape and structure, imagination and thought, and content. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, examines the axes of innovation in the poetry of Abulqasem Lahouti in the constitutional era, who is one of the pioneers of modernity in this period.The findings of this research indicate that by using new and foreign words in Persian poetry, theology increases the range of Persian words and causes the expansion of Iranian vocabulary; In his translations of some poems of Russian poets, he uses a type of literary prose (prose poetry); By increasing and decreasing the stanzas in the four-part format, he opens a way for the emergence of a new poem, and with the changes he creates in the prosody weight, he writes poems in syllabic weight, and in this way, a new design is created. Standing against previous literary traditions, it takes the path of modernity.

Abdullah Mirza Dara was one of the Qajar princes and thirteen's century poet.He was the most talented fathalishah's children who was known as a poet in his time. He was one of the restoration period's poets. His odes literature are similar to 4th and 5th century poems and his lyric poems are like Hafez and Sadii's sonnets.His odes's contents are praise and his lyric poems's contents are amorously. He was distinguished from other contemporary restoration period's poet by his religious poems and elegy, that, some of them is in Turkish.This paper will investigate Dara's stylistic feature and also review his biography and his productions to demonstrate his position among the restoration's poets in his time. Although he is not the best but there are beautiful couplets in his book of poems. It should be noted that Abdullah Mirza's collcction has not been corrected completely yet. The writer corrected his collection for the first time. and this article is from that correction

 Family or relative humor is a category that wants to enter the layers of culture, language and social relationships of family relationships and show the continuity of these relationships in its joking-serious form. Russian critic and theoretician Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975) inspired by the free carnival celebrations that take place in the world in different ways, proposed his theory of humor of carnivalism. He believes that the artistic language of humor - He can reveal human stories without any fear and show his free and casual behavior. Carnival shows real life in its dumb novel form. The purpose of this research is to examine the carnival actions such as crowning and crowning, laughter, conversationalism and carnival situations in two family stories "Dari Vari" and "Chert ve Prat" by Ebrahim Raha. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and it was carried out using library studies.As a result of the research, it is stated that there is intimacy in the levels of family relationships, which show their carnivalized situations in meetings and temporal-spatial continuities.The personal and social characteristics of the family members bring life to a crisis or solve the crises behind the insults and laughter.

Availability of different theories and literary schools makes it possible to study literary works from various view angels and based on different viewpoints. Studying the male character of Abbas Maroufi’s roman Symphony of the Dead, based on Louis Althusser’s Theory of Ideology, can provide us a new reading of it. Based on Althusser’s aforementioned theory, the present article studies the matter of power and the way it is manifested, in Symphony of the Dead. In Iranian society, the most important base for manifestation of power is family, and patriarchy is its most tangible and clear example. In this study, we argue that Symphony of the Dead is a narration about power, started from the ancient times, continuously comes to the modern period. Our questions in this research are as follows: From the viewpoint of Althusser, what kind of influences theories have on the lives of people? What is the role of obeying the dominant ideologies, in reproduction of the society? And finally, what kind of confrontation do Abbas Maroufi’s have with patriarchy? In this research, as the first step, we provide a summary of the story, then we review Althusser’s Theory of Ideology, and finally study the story from an ideological viewpoint