فصلنامه زن و جامعه
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 54، تابستان 1402)

Over the past three decades, many countries have implementedeconomic reforms that include trade liberalization policies and there is astrong interest in the gender impact of these reforms. On the other hand,trade liberalization determines the structure of employment, the extent ofpoverty, and the distribution of income and wages. The purpose of thispaper is to estimate the effect of trade liberalization on women'semployment using panel data from selected Islamic countries in theframework of a spatial econometric approach. The 1999 to2018 statisticswere used for this purpose. The results show that trade liberalization has adirect and significant impact, and tariff barriers have a significant andreverse impact on the employment of women in the Selected IslamicCountries. Also, the commercial liberalization of one country has had apositive effect on the employment of women in other countries. Thismeans that with the increasing commercial liberalization of each country,the average employment rate of women in other Selected IslamicCountries has increased.

The aim of this study was to predict attitudes toward extramarital relationships based on the dark dimensions of personality and the quality of attachment in married women. The present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study included married women who referred to Razi Counseling Center in Karaj in 1400. 191 people were considered as a sample through available sampling method. For data collection, the extramarital relationship attitude questionnaire (Watley, 2008), the Dark Triple Personality Scale (Johnson and Webster, 2010), the adult attachment style questionnaire (Collins and Reed, 1996) were used. The data of this study were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and multivariate regression analysis. The results of regression analysis showed that the total score of the dark personality triangle and the psychopath dimension separately can predict attitudes toward extramarital relationships in married women. But Machiavellian traits and narcissism as well as attachment styles are not able to predict the attitude of extramarital affairs in married women. Based on the findings of the present study, it can be said that the level of honesty, happiness and sense of humanity in psychopaths is low and has a great relationship with overnight relationships and types of sexual infidelity without creating a sensory and emotional relationship. Relationships are short-lived and due to lack of commitment, betrayal is high in such people.Keywords: Attitude towards extramarital affairs, dark dimensions of personality, quality of attachment.

The aim of this research was the survey effectiveness of career counseling based on the native model of work-family enrichment on the facilitation of work-family and family-work conflict. The research method was quasi-experimental method where in the pre-test and post-test were used with experimental and control group. The stastisical population were all of female workers in Isfahan University at 2021. From this population 30 persons were selected from the list of voulentary person who ready to participate and were substituted randomly in to experiment group (15 person) and control group (15 person).The independent variable was the career counseling sessions based on the model of work-family enrichment (Greenhous & Powell, 2006) that have been performed in 8 sessions to the experiment group and control group did not any intervention. In this research were used from demographic and work-family conflict (McMarian & Net Mayer, 1996) questionnaires for data gathering. results of Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) showed that there is meaningful difference between means post-test of experimental and control group in two demintion of work-family enrichment and family-work enrichment (P<0.05).career counseling base on the native model of work-family enrichment is effective in facilitate of work-family conflict in two dimensions.

Violence against women is considered as a major factor in causing physical, mental and psychological damage to women. The aim is to know the impact of sociological factors of domestic violence on women. The research method is survey. The statistical population was 15,721 victims of violence referring to the social emergency in the country. The sample size was determined 389 violent women, according to Cochran's formula and were studied by simple random sampling. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, while the fish tool was used to collect statistics and information in the archive. The findings of the analysis of the country's social emergency statistics show the prevalence of violence in the age groups of 30 to 39 years old. The results of the correlation coefficient show that violence against women is related to social norms and values, social failure, socio-economic base of couples, patriarchal attitudes, social dignity, unemployment, poverty and addiction. The highest correlation is related to the patriarchy variable with a correlation coefficient of 0.561 and the lowest is related to the social status variable with a correlation coefficient of -0.132. Violence against women is mainly influenced by cultural and social structures and especially gender socialization, therefore changing the attitudes, subcultures, opinions and gender beliefs of the people of the society along with the education and empowerment of women and also improving the structural situation of the society in the economic fields social, cultural, legal and political reasons for preventing, controlling and reducing domestic violence are important

Abstract The debate on gender equality in sports remains a controversial issue. Although women are equal to men according to the law, there is no such justice and equality in the world of sports. The purpose of this research is to investigate gender equality in Iraqi football. The general approach of this research is qualitative, and the method used is the theme or thematic analysis. In this research, with a thematic approach, 17 professors and researchers who are active in the sociology and sports management field were selected with a purposeful sampling method. A semi-structured in-depth interview with open questions was used to collect data. Based on the findings, a total of 77 basic themes, eight organizing themes, and three overarching themes were extracted and classified, and the organizing themes of the research include public culture, public support for men's football, gender stereotypes, family restrictions, gender inequality in cyberspace, media malfunction in Gender equality was gender inequality in financial opportunities and gender inequality in sports facilities, and the overarching theme included social challenges, media challenges, and unequal opportunity challenges. The results prove the existence of inequality and injustice in Iraqi football, which is essential, facing challenges that can achieve gender equality in Iraqi football if these challenges are successfully managed.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting democratic relations in the family among married women in Andimeshk city. The research method is survey and the unit of analysis is the respondent and the level of analysis is micro. The sampling method is multi-stage clusters and the sample size according to Cochran's formula is 375 people. Data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire and using SPSS software for data analysis. The results showed that the level of democratic relations in the family in the respondents is relatively low and there is a significant level of inequality. There is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of religiosity, education and gender socialization with the degree of democratic relations. Regression analysis shows that 58.1% of the changes in the degree of democratic relations are related to independent variables and the variables of the degree of religiosity and the level of female education have a greater impact on the degree of democratic relations. Also the variable of gender stereotypes had the least effect on the degree of democratic relations in the family. Increasing religiosity and gender socialization increase democratic relations and greater equality of decision-making power in the family and social dimensions.

This paper investigates the effect of board gender diversity on firm labor investment efficiency with the considering role of internal and external monitoring. The methodology of this study is a quantitative and ex-post and labor investment efficiency was measured using the Pinnuck and Lillis model. The sample of this research is related to 122 companies on Tehran Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2020. The results of research regression analysis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between board gender diversity and firms’ labor investment efficiency. Also, the evidence showed that the relationship between board gender diversity and over- or under-investment in labor is negative and significant. In addition, evidence shows that when firms have weak internal and external monitoring a stronger positive relationship between board gender diversity and labor investment efficiency exists. Based on the evidence obtained from the research, it is suggested to the shareholders of companies that in the choice of board members, the presence of Women and their choice as members of the board should be given special attention. Also, the Tehran Stock Exchange and Securities Organization, the institutions in charge of employment in Iran and other relevant institutions are suggested to interact with each other to improve the efficiency of investment in companies to enact laws that the company Have a legal obligation to elect female board members.

Nowadays, the study of the presence of women in urban environments is one of the main concerns of managers and urban planners. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to measure the desirability of the key factors influencing the category of women's sense of security in the urban open spaces of the immediate urban area of Nayser. This research is part of applied research in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical research in terms of method. The data was collected through a questionnaire with four main indicators and 23 items through the review of valid research documents, and the sample size was calculated as 375 people based on Cochran's formula. To analyze the findings from field studies, the factor analysis method was used in SSPS software. The results indicate that the security of public spaces in Naysir region is low in terms of physical-spatial, social-behavioral and accessibility from the perspective of women; While in terms of monitoring, the level of security of these spaces is average. Also, the results of the factor analysis show that among the 23 extracted indicators, 4 important factors can be emphasized in improving women's sense of security, which are: environmental reconstruction and increased police surveillance (with a special value of 4.94), improving the quality of the environment Riders and pedestrians and intelligent surveillance (with a special value of 3.37),

This study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of divorced women in adjusting to divorce. The qualitative research method of phenomenology was used in this study. The statistical population included divorced women in Shiraz in 2019-2020. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. Finally, ten divorced women were selected using semi-structured interviews and theoretical saturation. All interviews were recorded and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The results of the qualitative data analysis revealed the main themes and 12 sub-themes. The main themes were 1) family as an effective source in achieving adjustment, 2) individual resilience, and 3) social resilience. The theme of family as an effective source in achieving adjustment included the two sub-themes: emotional support, material support, and the individual resilience theme comprised the five sub-themes of mourning, spirituality, accepting divorce, moving towards excellence, and controlling emotions. The theme of social growth included the three sub-themes of social communication management, economic stability, and job consolidation. The findings of this study indicate the need for thorough attention to the issues of divorced women after divorce and effective measures to empower them to achieve post-divorce adjustment.

Throughout history, women have not had enough time to prove their worthiness for active participation in sports. The aim of this study was to develop a model for sport self-efficacy based on social support and socioeconomic status considering the mediating variable of motivation for sports participation in women, which constitutes a broad and effective part of the country. The present study is a descriptive-survey research and in terms of purpose it is an applied research. The study population consisted of all married or at least one-time married female athletes in Tehran, the sample consisted of 384 (according Cochran formula) using multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of Curl et al.'s Sports Self-Efficacy (2007), Phillips Social Support (1986), Ghodrat Nama.’s Socioeconomic Status (1392) and Hong Yong lin.’s Sports Participation Motivation Questionnaire (2010). Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model using AMOS/18 software. The results showed that social support and socioeconomic status have a direct effect on the mediating variable of sport participation motivation in female athletes. However, socioeconomic status variable has no direct effect on sport self-efficacy in female athletes. The community and the government, in order to provide comprehensive support through municipal cultural centers, parks, green spaces and sports clubs, should provide conditions for women in the community with any income and social status to engage in physical activities and recognition of their capacities.